学文网考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析
在平平淡淡的日常中，我们经常跟试题打交道，试题是参考者回顾所学知识和技能的重要参考资料。你知道什么样的试题才算得上好试题吗？下面是帮大家整理的考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析 1
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then。
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now。
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business。
31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment。
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared。
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today。
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones。
32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%。
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago。
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount。
[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old。
33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, Paragraph 3)， Dr. Worm means that
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly。
[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded。
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss。
[D] the data collected so far are out of date。.
34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that
[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time。
[B] fisheries should keep the yields below 50% of the biomass。
[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level。
[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation。
35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’
[A] management efficiency。
[B] biomass level。
[C] catch-size limits。
[D] technological application。
名师解析
31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
提及大型史前动物的灭绝是为了说明
[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment。
大型动物容易受到环境变化的影响。
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared。
当大型动物消失的时候小型物种存活了下来。
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today。
大型海洋动物今天面临相同的威胁。
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones。
成长缓慢的鱼要比成长快速的鱼活得长。
【答案】 C
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 通过题干关键词“大型史前动物的灭绝”可以定位到第一段。作者提到它们的灭绝是由于人类的捕杀，作者在第一段最后一句提到，“如今类似的事情可能会发生在海洋中”。因此可以得出结论，即，作者是为了引用大型史前动物的灭绝来引出海洋物种同样面临着由于人类过度捕捞而灭绝的这个话题，故正确答案是[C]。[A]、[B]、[D]选项都没有能够表达出作者的这个意***，而只是很浅层去分析表象。
32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that
从迈尔斯博士和沃尔姆博士的论文中我们可以推断出
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%。
一些老渔场里大型捕食类鱼种的贮存量已经减少了90%。
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago。
现在渔场的数量只有15年前数量的一半。
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount。
新的渔场中的捕捉数量是原来数量的20%。
[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old。
新的渔场里大型捕食类鱼种的数目下降比旧的渔场快。
【答案】 A
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 根据题干关键词“Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper”可以定位到第二段最后一句，“根据他们发表在《自然》杂志上的最新论文，一个新的渔场在被开发后的15年中大型捕食类鱼种的生物量平均减少了80%。在有些长期捕捞的地区，自那以后，这个数量又减少了一半。”本句的理解难点就是“In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then。”这句话里面的“since”从什么时间开始计算，影响本题的解答。“since”指的是从15年结束后开始算呢，还是从15年的第一年开始算。如果是前者，则答案是[A]，因为新的平均下降80%，然后又下降了一半，这个意思就是一共下降了90%；如果是后者，则得出旧渔场大型捕食类鱼种的减少速度低于新渔场，而且只有50%。“since”接时间，后面必须是一个时间点。如果“since”后面接的不是一个时间点而是时间段，则从该时间段结束的时候开始算。例句：“It has been 10 years since I lived in Beijing。”这句话的意思不是“我在北京十年了”，而是“我离开北京十年了”。因此本题的正确答案是[A]。“since”接的是15年结束后的那个点；而且这句话里面还有一个很关键的词“again”(再次)，也很明显说明这里指的是“在下降80%之后，又再次减少了一半”，即“余下的20%又减少了一半，只剩下10%”。
33. By saying“these figures are conservative”(Line 1, Paragraph 3)， Dr worm means that
沃尔姆博士说“these figures are conservative”(第三段第一行)，他的意思是
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly. 捕鱼的技术已经得到快速提高。
[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded. 捕鱼量比实际记录的少。
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss. 海洋生物量已经蒙受了更大的损失。
[D] the data collected so far are out of date. 目前收集的数据已经过时了。
【答案】 C
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 根据关键词“conservative”的提示定位到第三段第一句。作者说“这个数据是保守的，因为捕鱼的技术已经提高了。卫星和声纳定位仪都用上了。这就意味着现在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕捞了。现在和过去的真正差异可能比通过捕捞记录的反映出来的差异更要糟糕。”接下来的一句话的意思是“以前一些抓不住的海洋生物现在都可以抓住了，以前被鲨鱼抢走的，现在由于鲨鱼都不见了，自然被捕捞的就更多了。”作者同时提到，“由于以前
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析 2
1. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.
解：通过关键词the first paragraph定位到第一段，通过题干中的discovery定位到第一段中But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.题干中is characterized by和process分别为该句中frequently和route的同义再现，更可确定该句为关键句。通过关键句中ambiguous and complicated可确定答案为A项，A项中的uncertainty为ambiguous的同义替换，complexity为complicated的同义替换。其中B项误解和欺骗、C项逻辑性和客观性、D项系统性和规律性均不在关键句中，故排除。
2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection. [B] shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom. [D] persistent innovation.
解：根据题干关键词Paragraph 2定位到第二段，再通过credibility process定位到第二段中This is the credibility process.，通过第三人称单数this可知有关于credibility process的信息在上一句话，故定位到But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.，该句中的takes即为题干中requires的同义替换，故该句为关键句，通过关键句中的collective(共同的)可确定答案为B项共同努力。若不知collective意为共同的，则可采用排除法。其中，C项个人智慧和D项持续创新不在所定位段落之中，故可排除。A项严格调查，关键句中未提及严格这层含义，应该为共同的调查才对，所以排除A项。
3. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B] has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
解：通过关键词Paragraph 3定位第三段，再通过discovery claim becomes credible定位第三段中最后一句话As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation ... Transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.可知B项科学发现声明需要被科学集体检测正确。其中，A项中的public、C项editors and reviewers、D项peer scientists都是科学声明变的可信的过程，需要三者共同检测才会变的可信，故可用community概括，ACD均可排除。
4. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges. [B] discoveries today inspire future research.
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.
解：根据题文同序的原则，以及关键词Albert Szent-Gyorgyi可定位第四段中Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery asseeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.可知D项科学工作要求批判性思维正确。其中，A项challenges和B项future research均出现在所定位关键句的前一句话中，故可排除。C项定位段未提及，也可排除。
5. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
[A] Novelty as an engine of Scientific Discovery. [B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. [D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
解：考研英语阅读文章为议论文，故全文应该围绕作者的论点展开论述，那5个题目必围绕文章论点进行，故可通过题干来锁定论点范围。前4个题目中科学发现和可信度字眼频繁出现，故论点与其有关，则可排除AB项。其中D项科学入门处对可信度的质疑只是第四段的大意，故排除，所以正确答案为C项科学研究中可信度的发展。
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