过去分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词,在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
一、过去分词的用法
1. 过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语时,虽然主语和分词之间仍然存在被动的含义,但它主要表示主语的特性、所处的状态或心理感觉,不能视为被动语态。如:
My fever is gone, but I have a cough. 我不发烧了,但是还有点咳嗽。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的样式。
2. 过去分词做定语
单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面,相当于一个省略的定语从句。如:
The excited people (= The people who were excited) rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。
过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面,相当于一个定语从句。如:
Is there anything (that is) planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗?
过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。如:
The books, (which was) written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 这些书是鲁迅写的,受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。
3. 过去分词做状语
过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。值得注意的是:它必须以句子的主语为逻辑主语,也就是说,它的动作执行对象是句子的主语。
(1)表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如:
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看,这个城市就像一个大花园。
(2)表原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了,停止了争吵。
(3)表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句,有时过去分词前可用if等词。如:
Given another chance, he will do better. 再给他一次机会,他会做得更好。
If (it is) heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热,会变成水蒸气。
(4)表让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如:
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
(5)表方式或伴随情况。如:
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
如果需要分词短语作状语,但它又与句子的主语不一致,那么就给该分词短语加一个逻辑主语,从而构成“***主格结构”。如:
He was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed on/upon it. 他在专心听演讲,他所有的注意力都集中在上面。(方式状语)
“with/without + 宾语 + 过去分词作补足语”所构成的复合结构可以代替***主格结构作状语。不同的是:①with/without后接代词时,只能接宾格代词。②***结构通常用作状语,with/without的复合结构既可作状语也可作表语、定语。
His legs crossed, Tom was sitting in the sofa and leisurely watching TV. = With his legs crossed, Tom was sitting in the sofa and leisurely watching TV. 汤姆翘着二郎腿坐在沙发上悠闲地看着电视。(作状语)
The thief with his hands tied behind was turned over to the police station. 小偷双手绑在身后被扭送到警察局。(作定语)
The patient seems to be with no relatives/without any relatives accompanied. 这位病人似乎没有亲属陪伴。(作表语)
4. 过去分词作补足语
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语,用作宾语补语。如:
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿?
Somebody found one of the glasses broken. One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
二、特别提醒
1. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语:
have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出,表示一次性的动作。如:
I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
have somebody/something doing something-ing分词作补语,分词动作也由宾语发出,强调动作的延续或正在进行。如:
They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语,宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系,通常有两种情况:
①主语让别人做某事,强调主语的意志。如:
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。
②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境,说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如:
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
2. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式:
the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥
the bridge being built 正在建造的桥
the bridge built 造好的桥
3. 过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别:
过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受,而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征,如:
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息,我们感到很惊讶。
The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。
英语中这样的分词还有很多,如:amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried等。
4. 过去分词和-ing分词作定语的区别:
过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语:
boiled water开水
boiling water正沸腾的水
developed countries发展的国家
developing countries发展中国家
由此可见,过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作;而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。
1. Such knowledge is still useful , to similar situations in other countries. (when) 当被应用在其他国家的类似问题中时,这些知识依然有用。
2. , the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive. (paint) 由于这栋楼漆成红色,在其他楼里显得很突出,非常引人注目。
3. It was cold and damp; the man pulled up his collar and put his hands to his . (freeze) 又冷又潮湿,那个男人竖起衣领,把手放在冻僵的脸上。
4. With , some animals are facing the danger of dying out. (cut) 由于越来越多的森林被砍伐,一些动物正面临着灭绝的危险。
5. Popularly American films ever made, The Godfather is a milestone of cinema. (regard)《教父》被普遍认为是美国有史以来最好的影片之一,是电影界的一个里程碑。
1. when (it is) applied
2. Painted red
3. frozen face
4. more and more forests/trees (being) cut down
5. regarded as one of the best