学文网材料作文论文篇1
六朝时代著名文论家刘勰说过：“积字以储宝，酌理以富才，研阅以穷照，驯致以怿辞。”前三句讲的是材料积累和提高观察、分析能力的重要性，最后一句是讲辞章修养方面的作用。开宗明义说的是材料的重要。刘勰的论断是历万古而常新的。从现代信息学的观点看，没有大量的材料的储存，怎能从中检索出所需要的有效的信息来？打个比方吧，要设计某项工程，总得考虑所用的材料，考虑到这些材料的数量、质量、规格，不然***纸再好，也只能是空中楼阁。中国俗语“看菜吃饭”“量体裁衣”“巧妇难为无米之炊”，道出的也都是这个道理。
我国文化史上有着重视材料学的传统，历代统治者都组织很大一批力量编纂各种各样的类书，其中有一些就是供文人采摭词藻和典故用的。如清代就编纂了《骈字类编》《佩文韵府》《渊鉴类函》等材料性的工具书，每一部往往是煌煌数百卷。
在蒙学教育方面，为了体现知识灌输和积累的目的，所编的读物常常是涵盖了那个时代知识领域各个方面的材料的汇聚：历史地理、岁时节令、礼节风尚、人生哲理、处世之道，等等。其著者，如《增广贤文》《幼学琼林》《龙文鞭影》。这些启蒙读物对一个人的成长影响极大，因为它们语言凝炼而又隽永，运用起来适应性很强。最初接触时往往在童年，熟读成诵，好多片断长久留在记忆深处，使人终身受用。以博洽著称的中国***领袖，到了晚年仍不能忘情于少年时读过的《增广贤文》，要秘书去搜求来再看看。他的雄文《星星之火，可以燎原》的题目，在《改造我们的学习》中引用的名联“墙上芦苇，头重脚轻根底浅；山间竹笋，嘴尖皮厚腹中空”，都出于这本小书。
学会运用材料，是作文教学中一项重要的基本训练，我们传统语文教育相当重视，当代国外母语教育中也非常重视。国外中学乃至小学的作文教学，都非常注意培养青少年利用***书馆去积累资料、运用资料去撰写论文的能力，从小训练学生写卡片，写读书报告。材料的积累、化用和裂变，会散发出比这些材料总量大得不知多少倍的力量，也会为一个人的文章增色添彩。唐代诗人李商隐作诗文好用典故，作诗文时常常把一本本书胪列在案上，被人讥为“獭祭鱼”；被人誉为一代闲适之宗的周作人，晚年散文常以联缀古人文章片断来见志，也被同代人讥为“文抄公”，但谁也不能否认他们在运用材料方面的高超技巧和文学上的卓越成就。
改变目前重视运思训练，忽视积累和运用材料能力的培养状况，需要作许多的努力。
二怎样帮助中学生积累材料呢？
其一，既要使集聚的材料贴近时代，贴近中学生，又要注意适当地扩展范围。
指导学生搜罗写作材料时，要注意“热门话题”，即在写作表述中常涉及的，但也不必仅限于此，还要注意扩展视野，正如鲁迅所说，青年“大可看看各样的书，即使和本业毫不相干的，也要泛览①”，读书“必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，这才能酿出蜜来，倘若叮在一处，所得非常有限，枯燥了”②。因为积累材料不只是为了今天写作和应试的需要，也是为了完善一个人的知识结构，提高素养。
其二，不要只着眼于材料的类型，还要注意其写法。
材料的汇集，不仅是为了引用、化用，也是为了借鉴。对于同一题材，可以描述，也可以阐述，可以议论，可以是扌离文铺采的刻画，可以是寥寥几笔传神的白描，还可以是直率的人生感喟，富有哲理性的感悟。对同一事物、事件的表现或评述写法的不同，学生能好好体会，就不难把握不同文体的写法和不同的表现方法。
其三，帮助学生掌握积累材料的方法。
中学生，特别是高年级学生，应该建立自己的材料库，学会编索引，写读书卡片、笔记，写读书报告，也要对一些重要的材料作必要的记忆。
作为一个有较完善知识结构并且能初步进行研究的人，应该是外贮和内储相统一的。现在中学生大部分不会积聚材料，更谈不上养成积聚材料的习惯，又不肯作必要的记忆，这些是很令人担心的。
三汇聚材料是为了运用，这里着重地谈谈在写作上借鉴和引用的方法。
材料的借鉴方式有三：
（一）师其意。就是从材料的阅读中拓开思路。就内容而言，或是沿着材料所揭示的观点深入下去，提出更为深刻的观点或主题；或是逆着材料所揭示的观点，提出相异或相反的观点。就表现形式而言，或是从材料提供的表现方式（包括角度、方式、用词）受到启发，运用了与材料相近的套路；或者另辟蹊径，运用了相异的方法，如材料中用的是烘托，而写作者用了反衬。
（二）袭其神。就是广泛借鉴，超越原作，创造新意、新境。诗词中有不少脍炙人口的名句，如“春风杨柳万千条，六亿神州尽舜尧”，前句是比兴，以春天景色描摹出社会主义中国繁荣昌盛的气象，很有气势。实际上诗人是杂收并化用前人的成句：“年年老向江城寻，不觉春风换柳条”（唐·韩《晦日呈诸判官》）；“一树春风千万枝，嫩于金色软于丝”（唐·白居易《杨柳枝词》）。不过韩止于人生感叹，白氏近于工笔描摹；诗人合用两者，另生新境，袭其神，有着融会贯通再创造的意味。写作者不能止于对材料表层意义的理解，要好好涵咏品味把握原作的神气，重新创作。
（三）、沿其形。就是化用原材料的成句，以适应自己表达的需要，也就是套用。套用得合适，和自己构想的部分混然一体，会收到很好的效果。下面两段习作都是写老师的，分别套用了名作中两个片断：
例一：一年多来，我和我的老师朝夕相处，我从她那里学到知识，更受到教育。她的性格，在我的眼里和心里都是伟大的，虽然她的名字并不为许多人知道。文章的第二个句子是从鲁迅《藤野先生》中套来的，仅因为表现对象性别不同，把“他”改为“她”。
例二：奇怪，今天我听讲是那么专心，教室里那么安静，连平时最吸引我的蝉声，此刻也失去了“魔力”。文章和都德《最后一课》中写小弗郎士听课的感受没有什么大的不同。原作中为“真奇怪，今天听讲，我全都懂。他讲的似乎挺容易……教室里是那么安静，只听见钢笔在纸上沙沙地响。有时候一些金甲虫飞进来，但是谁都不注意。”两相比较，改动得并不大。
从某种意义上看，借鉴是种模仿。人们的学习是从模仿开始的，小孩子学大人说话，学学就会了。他们自然地熟悉和掌握种种句型，并能根据需要，造出无限多的句子。学习写作也是如此，借鉴不借鉴，有高低之分，文野之分”，雅俗之分，快慢之分。
最后谈引用。引用材料，可以丰富文章内容，使文章生辉增色，不过要恰当，适度。所谓恰当，就是选用的材料有典型性，能够说明问题。所谓适度，就是截取的材料不多不少，没有多余的话。
引用可以分为两种，一为明引，一为暗引。明引有直接引用原文，有概括引用其意的。直接引用原文的，要交代出处，连字句标点都不应改动。暗引要用自己的话来转述，不能直抄原文。现在不少中学生不会引用，或者引用得不当，不合乎规范，这都要教师认真指导。学会积累和运用材料，不只是语文学科的事，但是作文教学应该予以更多的注意。
注释：
材料作文论文篇2
编者按：本文主要从概括出论点无论中考还是高考，对所给的材料都要认真阅读，仔细探析，把握要点；道理论正反概括出论点后，便进行道理上的论证再举一二例常言说事实胜于雄辩，对有材料的议论文写作方法介绍进行讲述。其中，主要包括：碰到难理解的材料时，（其实中考、高考所给的材料，都不是很难的）要运用以物拟人，以物喻人，以人比人，以事比事，多角度联想的方法，力争透彻理解材料的精神实质，感悟出道理、谁也不能否认只有比较才有鉴别吧、写议论文，摆事实的论证方法是必不可少的，无论是立论文还是驳论文，具体材料请详见：
议论文就是运用事实、道理论证或反驳某种观点和主张的一种文章体裁。议论文也就是人们常说的论说文。它的主要表达方式是议论，它是运用确凿的事实，无可辩驳的道理，逻辑严密的语言进行论证，从而揭示客观本质的文章。它的基本特征是说理性、说明性及较强的战斗性。长期以来，给材料自己命题议论文的写作这个难题一直困扰着一些老师和同学，成了顽症。老师说教学难，教语文更难，而议论文写作乃难中之难；学生说学习难，学语文更难，而议论文写作乃难中之难。可是我认为，顽症可治，化难为易非但可以，想轻松写好议论文也是可以办得到的。怎样才能达到这样的境界呢？那就要把握给材料自己命题议论文写作的规律。其规律是：概括出论点，道理论正反，再举一二例，号召末问叹。
一、概括出论点无论中考还是高考，对所给的材料都要认真阅读，仔细探析，把握要点。碰到难理解的材料时，（其实中考、高考所给的材料，都不是很难的）要运用以物拟人，以物喻人，以人比人，以事比事，多角度联想的方法，力争透彻理解材料的精神实质，感悟出道理。有的人也把它叫作感点。所谓的感点就是对材料的看法、见解、观点、意见。这个感点就是议论文的中心论点。有时感点很多，就要抓住重点，写最轻易的，写最新奇的，写最重要的。也就是和社会有联系的，人们所谈论的热门话题。这就是前人所云“文为时而作”。而且在众多的感点中只写一点，才能有针对性，才能写深写透。假如能逆向思维，寻求新的理念更可取。如：人们都说“旁观者清”，而逆向思维就是“旁观者未必清”。而所给的材料，不能不引，也不能全引，所以要概括，概括的话一定要简明。然后提出自己的观点。
二、道理论正反概括出论点后，便进行道理上的论证。在论证的过程中，必须运用正反对比的论证方法。谁也不能否认只有比较才有鉴别吧。古人云：兼听则明，偏听则暗。唯物主义观点告诉我们，必须全面的看新问题。纵向看，横向看，而且一定要联系当前的形势。假如道理是多方面的，就一定要分层次，有顺序。采取由浅入深，由个别到一般或由一般到个别的推理过程。为了增强语言的气势，论辩的力度，要多用短句，感叹句、双否句、反问句、设问句和排比句。在道理论证过程中，最好能引用一两条名言、警句。名言、警句是经过实践检验的，它的正确性是被人公认了的。这样的道理才有无可辩驳的力度。这样的道理是中心论点的有力依据。若能恰如其分，必然收到言简意赅的最佳效果。然后在引出事实论据进一步论证。
三、再举一二例常言说事实胜于雄辩。讲很多的道理不如摆一个事实。写议论文，摆事实的论证方法是必不可少的，无论是立论文还是驳论文。事实论据包括事例、史实、统计数据等。所举事例一般要作到真实、有代表性，众所周知。叙述过程中，必须作到概括。议论文的写作要求字数愈少，愈应该概括。所举事例越多越应该概括。或多句一例，或一句一例，或一句几例。假如文章比较长，需要举几个例子，必须注重各个例子的顺序和例子间的过渡及例子后的总结。而概括事实的语言一定要和中心论点相联系。假如在行文中想不到恰当的例子，你就要写自己或别人，按照文意，需要什么样的论据就写成什么样的事例。也许有人说这是杜撰例子。我认为总比没有论据要好得多。这也为尝不是一个好的方法。尽管我不赞成这么做，但在中考和高考中却有很多考生这么做了。这只是没有办法的办法四、号召末问叹首先引文概括出论点，然后在道理上正反对比探析，再摆事实进行论证，最后号召性结尾，而且要反问作结。假如不用反诘作结，若用感叹句结尾也很有力度。假如运用两个或三个感叹号，连用两个或三个问号，问号和感叹号共用更显得有力度。有的人认为反问句和感叹句难写，其实并不难。凡是陈述句都可以写成反问句或感叹句。因为陈述句、反问句、感叹句，只是形式不同，所表达的意思都是一样的。须知否定句的反问才表示肯定，而肯定句的反问才是否定。这种写法恰恰是符合人们常说的写议论文的一般过程。提出新问题：引论或绪论即“概括出论点”；探析新问题：本论即“道理论正反”和“再举一二例”；解决新问题：结论即“号召末问叹”。而就议论文的三要素论点、论据、论证看，也是俱全的。以上一般为立论文的写作过程。所谓的立论文，就是从正面提出观点，加以探析论证。而驳论文则往往树起靶子，然后摆事实讲道理予以批驳。最后依然用号召性结尾。需要说明一点的就是，给材料自己命题的议论文，有的人认为就是读后感。其实并不然。当然和读后感是略有相似。还要说明很重要的一点，有很多人不会拟议论文的文题。就在阅读材料后，概括出论点的时候，议论文的题目就已经拟出来了。我以为拟题的方法固然很多，但是最好的有三种：论点式，如《男儿当自强》；论题式，如《学和问》；比喻式，如《万丈高楼平地起》。不管什么样的文题，必须鲜明，有深度。因为文题就是文章的眼睛。一个好的议论文的题目必然能打动读者。多少人不都坚信“读报看题，读书看皮“的原则吗？这就更能说明题目的重要性了。下面有这样一则材料：万人马拉松比赛，金牌只有一块，可另外9999人为什么还参加呢？有人命题：《重在参和》；有人拟题《辉煌不舍执着》；也有人写下：《爱拼才会赢》。通过比较可知，最好的是最后一个。总之，文无定法。一旦把握规律，入格易，破格更易。文章是写出来的，更是改出来的。写和改的前提是要勇于写。要想写出好文章，还必须多读。读写结合，学以致用。克隆学形式，独特才创新。事实证实只有能在观点、结构创新的文章，才能在中考、高考中得高分。
材料作文论文篇3
（1） 学科分类
这些材料是根据特定的观点进行分组的。这里所谓的一定的观点，可以是一种综合的观点，也可以是自己制定的观点。
（2） 项目分类
根据特定属性对收集的材料进行分类。
2.毕业论文鉴别
毕业论文材料鉴定是指对收集到的材料进行分析和整理的过程，以剔除粗细，剔除虚假，保留真实，从而获得他们真正需要的材料。材料识别的过程实质上就是材料识别的过程。在这个过程中，我们应该注意以下几点。
（1） 分析材料的适用性
选择材料的依据只能是作者需要澄清的核心论点。什么材料可以使用，什么材料不能使用，必须根据这一中心论点来确定。一旦毕业论文的中心论据确定，它就是支配一切的东西，材料必须服从中心的指挥
论点不要把一些不能充分解释问题的材料放进去作牵强的解释，不要把所有的材料都放在毕业论文中，使毕业论文臃肿复杂，但中心不突出。
（2） 材料真实性分析
材料的真实与否直接关系到毕业论文的成败。只有从真实可靠的材料中我们才能得出科学结论。在这方面，应注意以下几点。
要尊重客观实际,避免先入为主,选材,不掺杂个人好恶和偏见,不歪曲材料的客观性
材料的选择应具有良好的基础，使用的第一手材料应有其来源，所选的二手材料应与原始文件仔细核对，以确保最大的准确性。
应确定数据来源，客观分析和检查清原作者的***治态度、生活背景和写作意***，以达到最大的准确性。
材料作文论文篇4
[Key Word] Reading interesting; reading material; literature reading; young adult literature; adolescence
[摘要] 当前中学所普遍存在的英语文学阅读状况是:学生阅读是为了完成老师布置的任务和应付考试。当阅读满足他们的这些任务后，他们的课外阅读行为就停止。本文针对这种现象作了具体的原因分析，指出在国内大部分中学英语教学中，阅读材料是影响学生进行英语文学阅读的一个重要原因。回顾国外学者在这领域所做的理论和实践研究，提出把青少年文学的特点和中学生所处发展时期的各方面的需求结合加以分析，采用把青少年文学作为课外阅读材料这一教学方法。我们通过一系列的教学活动如课外兴趣小组，课外阅读活动，阅读作业，培养和提高中学生英语学习能力和文学阅读兴趣。作者对为什么以及如何运用青少年文学读物作为新型课外阅读材料以培养学生的兴趣和情感进行初步的讨论， 以此引发更多的讨论。
[关键词] 阅读兴趣;阅读材料;文学阅读;青少年文学;青少年时期
1. Introduction
As a rule， the teaching of reading in senior schools， both public and private， will move in one of two directions: up or down. When effectively taught， the study of reading can be the most exciting event of the adolescent student’s day. Young people can become deeply engrossed in what they read. They can respond with intensity and conviction.
Interests as factors in genuinely productive reading study are slippery elements indeed. Inventories provided to students in an attempt to discover what they prefer in reading materials can be， and often are， faked by the inventory takers. Thus， the discrepancy between what some young people claim they enjoy reading and what they will actually interact with can be a significant one. Furthermore， teachers must be ever mindful of the differences between their interest， taste， and enthusiasms for certain material selections and those of their students.
How about the situation of reading in senior schools in China? Most students are lack of interest and motivations in reading. The purpose of their reading is to pass the exam. As a result， the students do a little reading outside lessons. Why did these problems exsist?
2. Interest in Reading
In leading young people toward increased reading awareness， teachers used to consider the nature and extent of the interest factor on those efforts. Interesting are a two-edged sword. When positive， they can enhance teachers’ efforts to involve their students in the concern with reading materials and do so most significantly. When negative， however， they present a formidable obstacle to meaningful transaction taking place between texts and readers.
2.1The Status of Reading in senior Middle School
This is an accurate picture of the reading programs in many middle and secondary schools that still have students move chronologically through the literature anthology and choose the traditional classics as their outside reading. Most students are simply unable to connect the text with their goals， level of development and experience. Language development affects cognitive development and vice versa students at this age read at a much higher level of ability when they are reading something that matches their developmental interests and goals. Most students cannot read classic literature well [i.e， they cannot have personal involvement with it]. Students think of the literature as something they cannot understand; therefore， they think they are not intelligent inpiduals.
‘‘The result of the survey about the status of reading which were done by John S. Simmons reflected that Middle school and high school students often balk at display of overt enthusiasm for the selections they are asked to read in the class precisely because they are adolescents. To many of them， the fact that a work is on the required list means that it simply cannot be interesting. They will doggedly refrain from any display of enthusiastic or appreciate response despite the teachers ’creative efforts or the actual effect the work has had on them. ‘Boring’ become the operative judgment. In reading that categorical implacable judgment， they retain their cool demeanor， on which they value above all else. When faced with such study they often have melodramatic indifference.’’[1]p(20)
It seems that school have accomplished just the opposite of what they intended to do. They have turned students off from reading rather than made them lifelong readers. Teachers have failed to choose reading materials that enable students to become emotionally and cognitively involved in what they read. If students are asked to read literature that is not consistent with their development tasks， they will not be able to interact fully with that literature. As a result， students who do not interact with the literature are left with leaning only about literature.
“The same problems also exist in most senior schools in China. Students’ purpose of reading is only to finish the work given by teachers or pass exam. When they finish their work， they stopping reading， for they are asked to read the traditional classics that are chosen in order to complete the teaching mission. But the classics are written in a style and with syntax and vocabulary that are often quite foreign to students in senior middle school. So most students think of literature as something that is difficult for them’’.[2] I have talked to some teachers and students in senior middle school. I have found that most students appeal that their reading materials are difficult and not suitable for them. They can understand the meaning well. So they don’t like to read.
2.2 Factors That Affect Interest in Reading
“The key factor to determine reading is choosing suitable reading material to students. Obviously， there will be many students who will turn away from the task of studying literature because of inadequate competence in the necessary reading skill. Metaphoric expressions， for example， abound in all literary works， whether they are fictional， poetic， or dramatic. Such expressions are placed in those works to clarity indeed intensity， the meanings those works. When students are unable to establish precise relationships between metaphors and their referents， however， what was put there to clarity produces confusion instead. It doesn’t take many such experiences in missed communication to discourage or vex less able readers. Given the additional problem of these students’ probably limited attention spans， the options of giving up selection which is metaphoric are often the one taken. Even though the classics literature may speak to the universal human condition， young people have trouble relating because they have not experienced many of those human condition.
At the same time， some links need to be established between that ability and the interest. Interest in reading fluctuates widely before the age of sixteen， an age at which many students begin to think seriously about choices affecting their future: college， military service， industrial careers， dropping out of the academic scene altogether， and so forth. For most young people， interest in reading usually peaks between the age of twelve and fourteen. It is a period of intense， prolonged introspection in which the desire to raise and organize problems about self is at its height. It is a kind of limbo between a lost childhood and approaching adulthood. People at this age tend to be more interested in being alone with their lives. For some， reading fictions， especially novels which delve into the teenage experience， can be a source of comfort， challenge， stimulation， and escape. Young adult literature focuses on the nature and availability of literature with which youngsters at that difficult stage of their lives can identify.”[3]
John S. Simmons point out “People in these years are also capable of， and often involved in， deeper reflection that centers on abstract concepts: love， loyalty， fear， justice， betrayal， and the like. Obviously， their reading can feed this preoccupation， but the fare must be nourishing. In short， abstract thinking may contain a profound concern with interpersonal relationships， and reading can provide countless opportunities for them to view their problems from the detached prism of fiction.’’[4](p75)
‘‘Some of these interpersonal problems will be quite obvious. Some mention of them should be made.
1)
Problems related to communication with younger siblings， partially stemming from thirteen-year-olds’ desire that the ‘‘little people’’ regard them as adult-and these younger children’s irritating reluctance to cooperate;
2)
Problems related to the conflicting need to be accepted into a peer group;
3)
Problems which reside in thirteen-year-olds’ ambivalence toward members of the opposite sex (i.e， culture and peer pressure， clash with hormones). The gap between girls’ and boys’ relative immaturity exacerbates this greatly.
In all of the above， imaginative literature can become a source of excitement， revelation， guidance， and solace. Teachers as guidance counselors can be of great personal assistance to adolescents in their struggles. The movement of middle school curricula toward an emphasis on the personal and social identities of early adolescents， rather than on the cultural heritage into which they will someday be assimilated， provides a whole new niche for literature to occupy， one in which its relevance to the nature of the early teenage years can be maximized.’’[5](p75-76)
3. The Possibility and Practicality of Using Young Adult Literature as Reading Materials for Outside Reading
Teachers in senior middle school are usually responsible for introducing the study of literature to their students: Young Adult Literature can serve as an excellent vehicle for such an introduction. Teachers in senior middle school who deal with students of lower ability， non-academic motivations， and limited cultural backgrounds should also consider the use of Young Adult Literature to provide insight into the nature of literature study for those inpiduals. Young Adult Literature seems to offer an abundant and valuable resource to teachers who want to guide their students through this transition.
3.1 The Character of Young Adult Literature
Donelson and Nilsen offer the definition of Young Adult Literature:‘‘ any book freely choose for reading by some one in this age group’’.[6]p(2) Later it was defined as ‘literature written or marketed primarily for teenagers; Books to whose main characters the teenagers can personally relate; stories with an uncomplicated， often single plot line; books with plot that address the concerns of the young adults; literature that attracts a young adult readership’[7]p(2) Compared with the definition offered by Nilsen and Donelson， this definition is more specific and comprehensive. In recent years， Young Adult Literature is also considered as ‘books written for adult， about young adult and liked by young adults’ and more and more teachers prefer to match young adult books with classics bearing similar themes; thus， the genre of Young Adult Literature is further expanded.
As a reading material， young adult literature has many common characteristics: conflicts are often consisted with the young adult’s experience， themes are of interest to young people， protagonists and most characters are young adults， and language parallels that of young people. It is simply written in a natural， flowing language much like the way in which the young adults speak. Young adult literature is usually shorter. The young adult can finish in a comparatively short time without feeling tired and bored. This will guarantee an engaged and efficient reading. And Young Adult Literature is graded reading materials meeting young people’s different level intellectual development.
3.1.1 Young adult’s emotional development
‘‘Adolescence and preadolescence are difficult， unsettled periods for young people. They are no longer children. They are no yet adults. It is a time of change: a time for physical growth， sexual awareness， emotional and cognitive development. As young people move through these experiences or stages， they seem to be so alone in their struggle. But few of young people asked their parents and other adults to help them through their difficult period in their lives. Reading books helps young adults in their journey –their rites of passage—into adulthood. Books provide experiences that may help young adults through their adolescent years. Providing young people with Young Adult Literature not only in the bookstores but also in the class is imperative if we want adolescents to read about more experiences than they could have on their own. In addition， this literature serves young people in their struggle with identity， with their relationships with adults， and with their choices， which often suggest their concern with moral questions of right and wrong.’[8](p25)
3.2 Effective and Positive Influence
‘‘Young adult literature provides enjoyment， satisfaction and literary quality while it brings life and hope and reality to young people. The wide range of topics in Young Adult Literature such as friendship， death， porce， alienation， sibling rivalry， peer cruelty， racism， hostility and egocentricity， even struggle， conflict and feeling of the futility and hopelessness of life dramatize life in unfamiliar environments as experienced by characters of the learner’s own age. And therefore stimulate learners in encouraging self-expression and idea exploration. In this way， literature enlarges the students’ knowledge and understanding of human behavior for it exhibits thoughts and feelings which are often concealed in real life. Students， on the other hand， bring their unique life experience and world look when coming to read a text in class. Their confirming， revising or refuting the original outlook after confronting the writer’s view enable them to come up with a new understanding of the world .Then they will share their readings with their peers and teachers and reshape their understanding if needed. This aesthetic stance of reading is quite different from the traditional way of reading in that the former allows readers to have a virtual experience， living in the story world， connecting with characters， being emotionally involved while the latter focuses on looking for facts defined by Rosenblatt as ‘efferent reading’ which actually prevents learner from achieving the power of English expression.
Young Adult Literature is an attractive and motivational reading source that will satisfy the young adults’ reading interest at a particular age and help develop youngsters’ reading proficiency. Over a long period of time， Chinese young learners have been usually recommended to read some classic adult literature in simplified various which are considered as unappealing or out-dated. Young Adult Literature is a bridge between children’s literature and adult literature. It reflects a unique yet universal period of biological change and development for each human being.’’[9](p21-22)
3.3 Students Own Response
When Sullivan asked her students for information about their reading interest and habit， a ninth student said: ‘I love to read， but I hate literature’. He suggested that what he was reading in school had nothing， or at least very little， to do with him. He told us that his book report offered some relief because he could usually choose something that he knew how he would like， but what he read in the classroom was as he called it ‘dumb’.[10]P(156)
The details those students offer support the previous summary most have a very exciting experience with literature during their elementary schooling， but the break in this happy experience comes as they enter junior high or middle school.
There is obviously a wide chasm between what the school offers for students to read and what the students want to read in reading program. Students have had fewer experiences—and for some， no experience at all—in such areas as marriage and porce， ambition， greed and hate， so it is more difficult for them to make honest responses about what meaning is true for them. In contrast， when the book has a teenager as the protagonist and other young adult characters， the balance of knowledge and the authority that is brought in that reading is changed. Young adult are more easily able to evaluate the characters， their problems and the resolution of these problems.
4. The Power of Young Adult Literature Reading
One of the key reasons for students’ low interest in English learning is lack of the attractive and coherent reading material. Reading material which are used in the school are exam-oriented and boring which may hinder the students enthusiasm for learning English. Simultaneously， affect plays an important role in the learning English and English teaching should arouse the learners’ interest and motivation. The influence of Young Adult Literature reading materials in stimulating the learners’ love of reading and English learning from the prospect of affective factors is obvious. The qualitative evidence further proves that students really enjoy reading and sharing what they read with the peers. Benefits of other kinds from the Young Adult Literature reading are also obvious; such as increased vocabulary， faster reading speed and better reading comprehension. More encouraging is the fact that the majority of students are determined to read continuously after the experiment.
5. Using Young Adult Literature Materials outside Class in Senior Middle School---The Teaching Procedure
Outside reading promotes the initiative activity with the students. It is not forced by teaching missions. Students can choose the reading materials which they are interested in. As the counselors， teachers have to teach students how to ensure an effective outside reading.
5.1 Selecting Reading Materials
Choosing the appropriate reading materials is a key factor to the students’ love of reading. A very important part of the appropriate materials selection for any English or language is age appropriate. Day and Bamford state that ‘‘getting students to read extensively depends critically on what they read. The reading materials must be both easy and interesting. If the books do not appeal to most of the class， then all the efforts will be in vain.’’[11](P49) It seems appropriate to offer a minimal reminder as we select a novel for study as an example of what can be done in a response-centered class. If we expect students to have sufficient experience for a response， they must be able to relate in some manner to the assigned literature.
Karolides states the significance of using appropriate reading materials: ‘‘the language of a text the situation， characters， or the expressed issues can dissuade a reader from comprehension of the text and thus inhibit involvement with it. In effect， if the reader has insufficient linguistic or experiential background to allow participation， the reader cannot relate to the text， and reading act will be short-circuited.’’[12]) (P132)
In practice of selection， students can be invited to skim the information about a book around the book cover. Use the information in the picture， the famous critiques， the plot summary， the table of contents， the classified category， ect， to make guesses about what they are going to read is an efficient way to select interesting book.
Therefore， teachers must find the interesting， attractive and enjoyable materials that are personally significant to our students and that are within their linguistic ability.
5.2 Conducting Group-discussion
It is best， however， to allow students to lead the discussion of the novel. This approach teaches students that they can function with self-sufficiency and without teachers influencing their responses.
‘‘Small-group discussions may give students an opportunity to discuss some of their most important responses before sharing them in the large group. The small groups may also be used to allow students to further explore the general response that they shared in the large group. Students often feel less threatened in small groups and are more willing to explore ideas in that setting. Like large groups， smaller groups must have rules of behavior that enable students to function effectively in the interaction. Students must feel secure with their responses， and they must responses to others. They will recognize similarly among all of the responses.’’[13]
‘‘The teachers’ listening skills are crucial in this initial phase. As students react， you may need to make follow-up statements， questions， or acknowledgments to help them clarify， justify， or elaborate on their ideas. If the discussion drags， use generic question early in the discussion and more content-specific question later in the process. Try to keep these questions at a minimum and emphasize the teachers’ spontaneous reaction to students’ response because reactions are much more meaningful to students， and they help move the discussion on using students’ ideas rather than teachers’.
Here are some questions types to elicit students ’response:
Questions requiring students to remember facts:
Describe…
List…
What…?
Questions requiring students to prove or disprove a generalization made by someone else.
Would someone like to comment on that point?
OK. Anybody wants to add to what…said?
Question requiring students to derive their own generalizations.
How did you feel at the end of the story?
What did it mean to you?
Anything you want to talk about?
Questions requiring students to generalize about the relation of the total work to human experience
What …mean? / What is the author saying by….?
What is the significance of the statement…?
Question requiring students to carry generalization derived from the work into their own lives.
What were your first associations?
Can you relate the story to anything in your own experience?’’[14](p31)
5.3 Performing a Creative Drama
Role-play and improvisation expand the boundaries of experiences for students so that they develop a more complete understanding of themselves and the literature they are reading. Through role-playing and improvisation， students are able to think as characters would think and act as characters would act. Students take on a persona different from their own and work at making that character come alive as they perceive what that character would be like if he or she was real.
5.4 Writing a Book Report
“Responding reports including book report， the journal， the narrative， the personal essay， help students to become personally involved with the literature. They begin by having students make personal responses. After students have read and written about the novel on a personal level， they are ready to move to a more ‘intellectual’ level. They now think about the author’s craft: what strategies and techniques did the author use to generate the responses students have?
Responding reports also integrate reading and writing. Students can enjoy the totality of the novel by responding to the ideas presented and by understanding the techniques used by the author. Their thoughts about a particular issue or a question are a novel change as they move through the first draft of that paper. Many say that they use the journal in making these initial drafts. The very act of writing triggers other new responses. Some ideas are abandoned; other is expanded. Students feel more at ease when responding to a work in this way because they are in control of how they respond: how they structure their responses， what they include， and what they omit. As a result， they will grow in their understanding of their novel in particular and of literature in general.’’[15]
5.5 Reading management
Whether young Adult Literature can be used successfully as English outside reading materials largely depends on skillful management of the teachers that should be alert to avoid the old-ways of teaching. Traditional approach in teaching emphasizes close reading of the text with all the historical and cultural clues removed to find the only correct meaning in the text. Experienced teachers have with needed the degree to which motivation， whatever its origins， can lead to over learning by students who otherwise lack needed reading skills or broad sophistication in facing certain works of literature. When they are genuinely turned on， it is amazing what some youngsters can accomplish in the classroom. Conversely， well-prepared teachers usually find only frustration when they present works to indifferent groups， no matter how high the quality of those works are.
“Wang Xiaoping suggests that the following methods are effective:
1)
Using a familiar literary source or a song， a poem， a picture， a book cover， etc. to lead students into the text;
2)
Allowing students a quiet reading of partial text;
3)
Revealing just enough facts about the text to arouse students’ interest in the new work;
4)
Relating in discussion the text themes to students’ present concerns. [16](p30)
Positive teachers create enthusiastic readers. Creative oral and written activities with young adult literature have a positive effect on young people. Teachers must create within each class a positive atmosphere， a way of life conductive to promoting reading through positive affect. Positive teachers are realistic but always look for the best in their students. Teachers have an important role in fostering this reader response. They also share in the responsibility of helping students with their developmental tasks， growing moral judgment， and reading appreciation. The teacher participates in the discussion as an ordinary reader but also as a facilitator
Encourage students to talk extensively
Help students makes a community of meaning
Talk turns talking
Don’t interrupt
Ask. Don’t tell
Give comments， but be nice
Affirm students’ responses
Encourage reluctant readers
The affective studies of Rosenthal and Jacobsin showed that teacher’s positive attitudes toward the learning capabilities of students designated as likely to make substantial gains did， in fact help teachers provide a learning environment where those students prospered.[17](p49) We believe that creative oral and written activities with young adult literature have a positive effect on young people.
6. Conclusion
Young Adult Literature with its special features is considered as the reading material for the students in senior middle school. Its effective power is very helpful for the students. The teachers who work in some way with young people require familiarity with the characteristics of this age group. It is important that teachers know about young adult literature. In the western countries， reading literature is one of the most important courses in the school. In addition the relationships between teachers and students and teaching material are free and active. They can choose the teaching materials which they are interested in and change the teaching courses or ways freely. So they taught young adult literature to students in the classroom. The situation in China is similar. Different from the native speakers， the students in China do little literature reading because of the difficulty and cultural difference. Most teachings are done only for exams and teaching missions. So in China we have greater difficulties in promoting the use of young adult literature for outside reading.
So far， the research in this field is comparatively limited. Young adult literature is not available in most of the schools and most teachers find it difficult to put it into practice. And we have a lot of practical problems to solve. Nevertheless， if we keep on trying a practice we will fine more effective ways to enhance our students’ English interest and improve reading abilities.
Bibliography
[1] John S. Simmons & H. Edward Deluzain. Teaching Literature in Middle and Secondary Greades. [M] United State: Allyn and Bacon，1992.
[2] 赵均. 情感与初中英语课外读物达标. [J] 北京。首都师范大学 2004.
[3] 王初明. 外语学习中的认知与情感需要. [J] 第四期
[4] Donelson，k.，& Nilsen， A..Literature for Today’s Young Adult. [M] 5th edition. Glenview， IL:Scott，Foresman，1997.
[5] John H.bushman&Kay Parks Haas. Using Young Adult Literature in The English Classroom. [M] 3rd edition.Merrill Prentice Hall 67.2001
[6] 隋莉英 The Power of Young Adult Literature Reading Material in Fostering Learns’ Positive Affect in English Reading [J] 北京 首都师范大学学报 2005
[7] Sullivan，A.M.. The natural reading life: A high school anomaly. [M] english Journal， 80(6)， [M]40-46.1991
[8] Karolides， N.J. The Transactional Theory of Literature. In N.J.Kaolides(Ed.)，reader response in the classroom [M] 1992
材料作文论文篇5
时事材料类作文即是以时事为作文命题原材料的作文。它的写法介于新材料作文和时评之间，不完全等同于新材料作文和时评的写作。
具体而言，时事材料类作文一般应写成议论文，观点的提取和选取角度、材料分析的方法、文章结构体例等都可以沿用新材料作文的分析方法和一般议论文的写法。但是，它和新材料作文最大的不同是需要结合时事材料进行评述。而非时事类的新材料作文则从材料中提取恰当的观点即可，原材料可引用分析，也可不引用分析（为了避免跑题，一般要求引用分析），重在通过联想列举事例并加以分析的方式把提取的观点阐述透彻充分。
时事材料类作文对于时事材料的分析，一方面一定要有对时事材料本身进行“就事论事”的分析议论（这种分析可以集中在时评类写作时要求的“议”的部分，也可以分散贯穿全文），不要引一下时事材料就完全抛开材料去联想别的事例现象论证；另一方面从时事材料中提取的观点应该是建设性的价值判断，而不是对时事材料本身一个简单的是与非的判断，或者就事论事地指出现象的问题，观点要从时事材料现象背后的本质中提取，论证要从社会原因、价值背景等角度进行联想阐发，不能只是局限于事件或信息本身进行“就事论事”的评论。
结构上，时事材料类作文一般采用时评类的“引（原材料）―议（原材料）―联（其他事实）―结（总结、归纳、呼吁等）”的结构，这种结构和议论文一般结构“引论（引）―本论（议与联）―结论（结）”其实是一致的。
时事材料类作文分两种类型，一类是提供时事材料热点新闻信息等不加任何限制或引导的主题词，让考生谈思想、感悟、看法，这种类型的作文可称为时事材料作文，写法可以比照时评类写作进行。
另一种类型是广东省目前高考流行的一种“问题型时事材料作文”。出题者给考生提供“现在进行”的生活事件和新闻信息类的事实材料，材料会呈现问题或者设置多个角度的场景，为考生提供思考的角度与空间，材料的观点倾向不明显。题目里常常写上“不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围”的要求。
材料作文论文篇6
一、描述类的材料
这类材料以叙述、描写为主，在审读时要注意材料中的形象、事件、语言（关键句），这些都可以表现为材料的角度。而在立意时则要抓主要形象，抓主要事件，抓主要形象或与主要形象有关的语言。
例：一只老鹰从鹫峰顶上俯冲下来，将一只小羊抓走了。一只乌鸦看见了，非常羡慕，心想：要是我也有这样的本领该多好啊！于是乌鸦模仿老鹰的俯冲姿势拼命练习。一天，乌鸦觉得自己练得很棒了，便哇哇地从树上猛冲下来，扑到一只山羊的背上，想抓住山羊往上飞，可是它的身子太轻，爪子被羊毛缠住，无论怎样拍打翅膀也飞不起来，结果被牧羊人抓住了。牧羊人的孩子见了，问这是一只什么鸟，牧羊人说：“这是一只忘记自己叫什么的鸟。”孩子摸着乌鸦的羽毛说：“它也很可爱啊！”
这是一则寓言故事，属于描述类的材料。题目要求在全面理解材料的基础上紧扣材料的含意或选择一个侧面、一个角度构思作文。材料中有老鹰、乌鸦、牧羊人和牧羊人的孩子四个形象。其中主要的形象是“乌鸦”，因为它最能表现材料的主旨和命题意***。材料中有老鹰抓走小羊和乌鸦学老鹰没有成功，被牧羊人抓住两个事件。其中主要事件“乌鸦学老鹰没有成功，被牧羊人抓住”，因为它最能表现题旨和命题者的意***。材料中的语言是牧羊人及其孩子所说的两句话，虽然牧羊人及其孩子不是材料的主要形象，但是他们的话涉及到主要形象乌鸦的行为，是材料的关键句，有暗示材料中心的作用，所以可以作为审题立意的角度。通过以上的分析，可以发现这则材料的核心内容是乌鸦的行为，可以用“由果溯因法”、“抓关键句法”从下面几个角度立意：①给自己准确定位；②反对盲目模仿别人；③保持自己的风采；④别忘了自己叫什么；⑤适合自己才最好；⑥敢于尝试；⑦敢于挑战自我；⑧敢于正视困难。
二、议论类的材料
这类材料在审读时要注意材料中提供的观点（看法）。这类作文不求结论的一致性，在审题立意时既可按照材料中提供的观点发表自己的见解（即赞成或反对），也可以拟出自己对材料中话题的有关看法。
例：生活中，有人好问，有人不问；有人主张有疑就问，有人主张三思再问。问天问地，问古问今，“问”在我们的生活中无处不在。
这就是一则议论类的材料，材料中提供了关于话题“问”的几种观点（看法）。题目要求以“问”为话题作文。审题立意时既可选择材料中提供的观点作为自己文章的观点，如，肯定材料中的第一种观点为“好问”，也可反对第二种观点“不问”而主张“要问”，也可主张第三种观点“有疑就问”，还可赞成第四种观点“三思再问”。也可拟出自己对“问”这一话题的有关的看法。
三、描述+议论类的材料
这类材料由描述和议论两部分组成，在审题和立意时重点抓议论部分，从议论部分的语句中把握材料的主旨和命题意***，或者扣住话题和标题定出作文的观点。当然写作时可以概括描述部分的主要内容用作自己文章的开头。
例：一位专门从事蝴蝶研究的生物学家在研究蝴蝶从蛹中挣脱出来的过程时，发现其艰难程度令人怜悯。他的妻子实不忍看到蝴蝶出蛹的艰辛，于是就用手术刀在蛹上轻轻划了几道痕迹。当她看到蝴蝶轻松从蛹中出来时，欣慰地笑了。可是不久他们就发现，经“帮助”的蝴蝶身体特别肥大，翅膀特别小，根本飞不起来。
其实，这个真实的故事蕴含着深刻的哲理。孩子的成长又何尝不是这样！父母的过度，反而剥夺了孩子的生存能力。
材料作文论文篇7
供材作文的主要特点，是给学生提供审题、构思和发表议论的依据。学生依据所供的“原材料”，比较只面对一个议论的标题而言，容易调动自己的感觉和知觉的“形象”，自然地产生联想，打开思路。这些具体、形象的材料，可以说明什么问题呢？必然地要“过渡”到对材料的分析、综合、比较和概括等抽象逻辑思维活动。因为是供材作文，必须符合材料的要求；又因为是写议论文，必须按议论文的要求去审题、选材、组材和表达。
实践证明：教学供材作文，指导学生根据所供材料，提炼出自己有所认识并且能够论证清楚的一个论点，是学生通过习作提高阅读分析能力和议论表达能力的前提。怎样根据所供材料，提炼出一个论点，有一个思维导向的问题。
按照提炼论点的思维方向分类，大体上有以下四种导向形式：
一、顺向思维
“原材料”是正面褒扬的实例，而且作文命题是正面判断句式或短语。这样的供材作文，学生阅读“原材料”后的思维特征，大部分是调动自己感觉、知觉的同类材料，去论证标题确定的论点：一般很难提炼出一个既切合题旨，又有新意的论点。在“导向”教学中，可以循着“原材料”的直接指向，指导学生作顺向思维，使学生自然地说出相似的材料和自己的看法。他们这样说，不会感到困难。譬如写供材作文《愿做造桥人》，他们能读懂提供的材料：茅以升从小立志为祖国“造出长久不倒的坚固大桥”，经几十年奋斗，终成著名桥梁专家。他们也会从此例联想到茅以升成才后的事迹（如造南京长江大桥），联想到类似名人成才创业的事迹。教师针对学生“顺向思维”表达的看法，引导他们提炼出一个符合他们认识实际的论点，就不是困难的事了。有同学可在“顺向思维”的过程中，提炼出不同一般的见解：我愿人际和谐，做一个架设友谊之桥的人。“我学茅以升、更学上海造桥人。”大多能扣住“愿”、“做”两字进行论述，传输出较活泼的时代气息。
二、反向思维
供材作文的“原材料”如果是反面事例，或者是对所供材料以问句形式命题的，学生的思维如果是“顺向”的，往往是追究“反例”的根源，或者一味地对“原材料”质疑，而容易因阅历和认识的局限性，可能作出片面的偏激的结论。那么，一般的同学就会提出一个带片面性的甚至是不太正确的论点。这类供材作文，教师应首先做好提炼论点的导向工作。我认为，主要应抓住两点：一是引导学生对论题作正确的分析，提高思想认识；二是结合“原材料”进行“逆向思维”的指导。去年在大力宣传“科技是第一生产力”这个马克思主义的观点时，同时也披露了一些忽视科技工作的现象。《***日报》曾登过一则消息：某乡镇企业由于产品不对路，没有经费研制新产品，科技人员不得不改行。最后提出一个问题：“靠科技振兴经济难道只是一句空话？”老师就以这一问句作题，出了一个供材作文题目，在指导教学中，首先抓住题中“科技振兴经济”这个短语，引导学生运用已学的***治经济学常识，联系中外有关的实例，分析“科技”与“经济”的相辅相成的关系，再进一步认识科技对发展经济的关键作用。然后，用这些认识去分析“原材料”，就把学生“追根”和“质疑”，从反面“逆向”地引导到“如何解决这一类问题”上，对文题中“只是一句空话吗？”作出正面的、积极的回答。经过“逆向思维”，学生大多能提炼出较正确较切实的论点，如“发展科技要有长远目标，振兴经济才不是一句空话”、“靠科技振兴经济，必须因时、因地制宜”、“科技人才对路，经济发展才能对路”等。
三、双向思维
供材作文中，有很多含蓄显示论点的客观性命题，如《谈谈“择善而从”》、《议“东施第二次仿效西施”》、《学然后知不足》、《徐洪刚的生命价值》这是倾向于褒扬的；《说“生日热”》、《漫话“自卑没有出路”》、《东坡错改诗》是倾向于批评的；《“我要学”与“要我学”》、《从课内到课外》、《“爱”的利弊》是从比较中见褒贬的。在指导他们阅读、分析“原材料”时，注重从相反或相对的两个起点进行“双向”思维的导向教学，对他们结合实际，提高分析问题、认识问题、解决问题的能力，会有帮助。同时为他们提炼出一个自己能把握的论点创造了条件。对此类供材作文的“双向”思维导向，既要达到帮助学生由“原材料”提炼出正确论点的目的，又不要束缚学生的思想而有利于他们从自己的实际出发，打开思路。必须注意以下三点：（一）对“原材料”的分析，要以学生充分发表自己的看法为依据，以便做到“思维导向”的有的放矢：（二）由正而反或由反而正，从一方面到另一方面的“双向思维”引导，必须以原作文命题的倾向为重点，即使是“从比较中见褒贬”的命题，也不可平均用力，而须有侧重点：（三）要允许学生从自己的实际出发，在“双向思维”过程中，提炼出反映论题的新颖论点，但对其因个人体会局限而表述片面的文句，必须作引导，再加提炼，直至表述的论点理正句顺为止。抓住这三点，通过一两个学生的典型指导，对其他学生依据“原材料”，结合本人实际，提炼出切合题意的论点。
四、多向思维
所谓“多向思维”，实质上是指使思考中信息朝多种可能的方向扩散，以引出更多的新信息的发散性思维。不过，在供材作文的指导中，由于受到“原材料”和作文命题的限制，是不可能“任其自然”的。进行“多向思维”导向的供材作文指导，也要针对“原材料”与“命题”的特点来选定。这类供材作文，多数在“材”和“题”上就不拘泥于一个指向，不局限于一个既定的理解，给学生留有可作出切题的多种解答，可作求异创新论述的余地。
材料作文论文篇8
一、事实性材料和理论性材料
所有申论给定资料中涉及的材料，不管形式和内容如何，万变不离其宗，按其性质都可从根本上归结为事实或理论两类，同时也有两者混合一体、交叉出现的情况。时间、地点、人物、事件经过、实例、做法、经验、数字，均属于事实；访谈、讲话、***文献、理论文章、网上言论所透露出的观点，均属理论；两者交错互见的，则属混合性材料，混合的形式并不能改变材料本身为事实或理论的本质。因此，所有的给定材料本质可归为两类，一种是用于反映事实的，一种是用于说明理论观点的。
二、依据性材料、参考性材料和干扰性材料
按照给定资料对于作答有无价值、价值大小、起什么作用，可将材料分为必须依据的、只需参考的、干扰作答的三种，即依据性材料、参考性材料、干扰性材料。
1.依据性材料
典型的依据性资料有两种情况：
A、是客观再现资料内容类试题的依据：2014年浙江省考申论第一题，根据“给定资料1-18”提供的信息，整理一份情况反映。给定资料1-18均为作答这一题必需的依据。
B、是主观作答分析原因、提出对策和作文立意的依据：2014年上海市申论材料2，陈述事实与观点，分析了农民子女接受教育难问题的两点原因：一是户籍制度的限制，二是相关***策没有充分落实，是作答第二大题第1小题“分析我国教育不平等原因”的依据。
2.参考性材料
所谓参考性材料主要是作答主观题型的参考。材料的内容对分析原因、提出对策和作文立意有参考价值，但不是必须利用，材料反映的观点和事实可以作为论据，也可不加利用；要以提炼出答案的思路，也可不加提炼。
2014年国考材料10，介绍了美国在田纳西河流域开发水电资源实行综合治理、带动当地经济全面发展的经验，对于《从“怒江水电开发”说开去》一文的撰写，有其对策思路的借鉴价值，如可提出借鉴田纳西流域管理局的治理经验，在开发水电资源的过程中完善流域管理、加强环境保护，全面发展经济、使居民共享开发利益。但这种借鉴并非作答所必需，只属于一种参考。
3.干扰性材料
干扰性材料是与全部材料的主旨相脱离、与题意相背离、对作答没有利用价值，起干扰判断、增加试题难度作用的材料。干扰性材料不是所有的申论试题都有，但在给定资料中占有一定比例。
材料作文论文篇9
关键词：任务驱动型；高中作文；指导方法
顾名思义，任务驱动型作文就是将任务驱动作为作文的核心，并将写作任务设定得更加明确，与之前材料作文不同的是，任务驱动型作文首先提供给学生叙事性的材料，材料内容一般都是现实生活中的真实场景，写作的目的、内容更加单一明确。其次，就事论事进行任务驱动，针对具体的材料事件进行分析。最后，再围绕任务的中心，对材料进行分析论证，进行多方面的论证说明，通过交流呼应，展开文章的论述。
一、锻炼审题能力，规范写作要求
要想使文章写作不偏离中心，就要确保学生能够抓住文章的主题思想。在任务驱动型的作文写作中，若文章主题不明确，教师没有对学生进行指点，将会导致整篇文章偏离主题。因此，锻炼学生的审题水平是提升任务驱动型作文水平的关键。通过强化学生的审题能力，使其能够更快地把握文章的中心内容，使学生按照写作要求完成作文，从而为高分作文的取得奠定基础。以2015年新课标卷的作文为例，材料内容是“因父亲经常在高速公路上开车时接听电话……展开多角度讨论”。题目中要求学生以信件形式对父亲、小陈、媒体、警方表明自己的态度观点。教师应先组织学生对材料中的关键词、句、写作对象进行深入挖掘，明确材料中的事件；其次，在理解材料的基础上对人物进行分析；最后，组织学生以写信的形式发表自己的观点，在材料给定的情境中进行辨析，从多方面说明论证。
二、关注时事材料，强化时事评价的训练
在近年来的高中语文作文分析中，时事素材在考试中可谓是热点内容。教师应组织学生多关注时事素材，并将其用到文章的写作素材、分析论证中，为学生奠定任务型作文写作的基础，且让学生了解时事，能有效缓解学生考试中的紧张感，使其对文章的中心领悟得更加快速，从而提高作文写作成绩。以某地区语文卷中“号角，为你长鸣”主题的任务驱动型作文为例。教师可将抗战老兵和***先烈为引入，向学生阐述文章的写作主体。利用“***礼上老兵颤抖的敬礼令人动容”这一新闻，让学生将其运用到写作素材中，使作文内容更具时事性，并能帮助学生养成关注时事的好习惯，进而帮助学生提高写作能力。总之，教师应对时事素材在任务驱动型作文训练中予以足够重视，引导学生分析时事素材中的观点思想，并强化学生对时事评价的写作训练，不断提升学生对时事素材的应用写作能力，为学生任务型驱动作文的写作提升奠定基础。
三、辨析概念，比较论证
任务驱动型作文的一大特征就是在材料中会出现多个角度、人物的做法观点，并通^这些人物对事件的不同看法揭示出相反或者相同关系。这就要求学生能够对材料进行把握和研究，对每个因素进行深入辩证引论。教师可先对任务驱动型作文的“一点四面”原则深刻分析，再对学生展开引导教学。一点即立德树人的中心，四面分别包括依法治国、创新能力、中华传统文化、社会主义核心价值观。只有充分把握任务驱动型作文的立意，教师才能引导学生将命题透彻分析。再以前文中新课标卷的作文为例，材料中的女儿（小陈）因父亲的违规行为，对其进行了举报，从传统道德的角度来看，这种行为是不孝的，违背了传统文化中“亲亲相隐”的理念，但是从当前的法律层面进行分析，这种行为又体现出对父亲安全的关心，并最终做出了“大义灭亲”的行为，是值得称颂的。由此可将作文的写作方向定位为法治社会的法治精神，并对传统文化中的相关思想进行适度批判。同时学生也应注意在写作中，应从多个角度对文章进行论述，包容异见，文明交流。
任务驱动型作文是高考改革中的一次尝试，对于学生的辩证思维能力、阅读领悟能力都有了进一步要求。对于学生而言，任务驱动型作文的难度较大，比传统的材料作文需具备更高的写作表达能力和辩证能力，这就要求教师对学生进行针对性的分析指导，使学生能在材料阅读中不断进步，充分领悟作文的任务中心，积累时事素材，从而更好地应对任务驱动型作文的写作。
参考文献：
[1]丁永辉.任务驱动型材料作文“VIP制度”素材运用指导[J].作文与考试：高中版， 2017（1）：122.
[2]黄儒.高中语文任务驱动型作文课堂教学模式探究[J].广西教育：中等教育， 2016（9）：20.
材料作文论文篇10
一、立意脱离材料含意
这种偏题的情况不是很普遍，但失分严重。有的学生以为作文可以自定立意，就是写什么都可以，反正“仁者见仁，智者见智”答案是丰富多彩的，不动脑筋去思考材料的含意、作者的意***，往往抓住细枝末节就拟题写作，结果脱离题意，断章取义。
二、以叙代议
有的学生立意准确了，但在摆事实论证论点时，往往将一个事实写成记叙文那么详细，即交代记叙要素，有心理、语言、细节等描写，写完一个事例就结束一段，缺乏议论，事例没能起到论证的作用。
三、结构松散
有的作文入题太慢，写了大半页还不知论点是什么。有的缺少过渡句、中心句或总结句，不善于提炼分论点，往往中间记叙几个事例就算论证了，甚至结论都没有，显得结构松散。
如何解决上述写作存在的几个问题呢？我的策略是：
1、引导学生揣摩题意、学会立意
虽然要培养学生的发散思维，但并非与原材料沾边的论点都符合题意。如下面这道作文题：宙斯想要为鸟类立一个王，指定了一个日期，要求众鸟全都按时出席，以便选他们之中最美丽的为王。众鸟都跑到河里去梳洗打扮。寒鸦知道自己没一处漂亮，便来到河边，捡起众鸟脱落下的羽毛，小心翼翼地全插在自己身上，再用胶粘住。指定的日期到了，所有的鸟都一齐来到宙斯面前。宙斯一眼就看见花花绿绿的寒鸦，在众鸟之中显得格外漂亮，准备立他为王。众鸟十分气愤，纷纷从寒鸦身上拔下本属于自己的羽毛。于是，寒鸦身上美丽的羽毛一下全没了，又变成了一只丑陋的寒鸦了（《伊索寓言・徒劳的寒鸦》。
从审题上看，这篇材料有三个基本角度：一是寒鸦，二是宙斯，三是众鸟。从寒鸦角度来看，这个寓言故事主要是说要追求真实的美，虚假的美丽只能够骗得了一时，不能够骗得了一世。当谎言被揭穿，结局有可能会更加悲惨。这个角度可以产生很多主题立意。但有的学生为了标新立异而唱反调，认为寒鸦拾起众鸟落下的羽毛美化自己是聪明的，无可厚非，因为“爱美之心人皆有之”，这样说就脱离了材料的含意了，因为这则寓言并不是歌颂寒鸦爱美，而是写寒鸦迷惑宙斯，想骗取王位。寓言的寓意应该是讽刺或批判寒鸦为了争名夺利而弄虚作假，告诫人们需诚实，靠本事去服众。所以不能认为写什么都可以，必须符合材料的含意。
2、引导学生概括事实、分析材料
议论文的事实要高度概括，略去事实的细枝末节，只要能论证观点即可。例如: 人生的高贵不在于出身的优劣、身份的尊卑、地位的高低，更不在财富的多少、权势的大小。小草没有大树的巍然挺立，也有默默无闻、无私奉献自己点点绿意来染遍大地的高贵品质；燕子没有雄鹰坚硬有力的双翼，也有翱翔蓝天、飞徙千里把春报的高贵灵魂；有人身居高位却***求荣、不顾气节，一如秦桧“东窗事发莫须有”，残害英雄岳飞。
3、引导学生构建文章的框架结构
文章作法“大体则有，定体则无”，可引导学生掌握材料议论文的一般结构模式，议论文的论证结构一般体现了“提出问题――分析问题――解决问题”的逻辑思维过程。
材料议论文的结构模式为“引――析――提――联――结”。
（1）“引”，即概述材料。“概述”，即抓住材料的核心内容简要叙述，不能将题目所给材料原文照搬，而应对准自己立论的指向剪裁材料，使材料为我所用。
（2）“析”，即分析材料，就是围绕议论的中心对引录材料内容的寓意进行扼要分析，要求分析得准确、切合事理、语言精要。“析”的目的是为中心论点的提出创造理论的条件。
（3）“提”，即提出论点，就是通过材料的分析之后，提出中心论点。根据内容的需要，有时也可以将“析”与“提”两部分的观点“合二为一”。中心论点的提炼，必须做到扣材、准确、鲜明、简洁。
（4）“联”，即联系实际，论证论点。“引”、“析”后，作文就完成了对材料的处理。“联”是运用材料提供的道理来类比社会生活、议论社会生活的过程，可以联想类似的道理（从道理上论证），也可以联想相关的社会生活现象（从事实上论证）。
（5）“结”，即紧扣材料，深化论点。结尾要呼应开头，或进一步强调论点，或提出解决问题的办法，或提出希望要求。