学文网定语从句是英语语法中非常重要的内容，在阅读和理解过程中起着极其重要的作用。在多年的教学中，发现学生们经常提的问题就是长句子的理解与翻译，而这恰恰是考试中的侧重点，也就是出考题的密集点。同时也是学生们在考试中丢失分数的密集点。考试阅读题经常是四、五篇文章，其长句的理解决定着这部分的得分高低。有许多学生阅读能力薄弱，不能透彻地理解英语句子，失分很多。有时，在考试的阅读题里，在长句子下面画线要求对此进行翻译，不仅考理解力，而且考表达能力，在短时间内理解准确，表达流利无误，需要下功夫学习与训练，不是一蹴而就的事情。这部分花时间来钻研，不仅利于考试，而且有利于提高英语运用能力，能极好地促进英语写作，为考试取得好成绩打下坚实的基础。
其中“介词+which”的情况实际上就是which在从句中作介词宾语的情况，更是学生难点中的难点，所以，本文就这一个问题进行系统的讲解。
这种定语从句仍然一定遵循“关系代词指代哪个词，定语从句就修饰那个词”这一原则。对于这类定语从句，我们从以下三个方面来论述。
1.“介词+which”在从句中作状语
这种情况是最常见的。即of是从句中的动词或形容词所要求搭配的，所以of which在从句中作状语。这是，在少数情况下也可以是“短语介词+which”的形式。当“介词+which”在从句中作状语时，“介词+which”必定位于从句的句首，定语从句就从该介词开始。如：
（1）“单个介词+which”的情况，例如：
①The two elements of which water is made are oxygen and hydrogen.
构成水的两个元素是氧和氢。
②Specific diseases of which these abnormal muscle contractions are symptomatic will be discussed later.
这些肌肉的异常收缩所表征的具体的疾病将在以后加以讨论。
③Chemistry deals with changes as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
化学是论述能形成新物质的那种物质变化的。
of与从句中的少数动词或形容词构成固定搭配。常见的这类动词词组或形容词词组如下：
该结构中“介词”的正确选择方法：
1）由从句中的动词、形容词或名词所确定，如：
①Copper is one of the metals with which we are most familiar.
铜是我们最熟悉的金属之一。（形容词familiar与with连用）
②How to live longer is a question to which man has tried to find a good answer for thousands of years.
如何才能长寿，是人类数千年来力***寻求良好答案的问题。（名词answer与to连用）
下面列出一些常见词汇与介词的搭配情况：
skillcareeasedifficultefficiencyprecisionaccuracy+with which methodprocedureprocessmeansschemetechnique
+by which pressurefrequencytemperaturerate+at which
2）由被修饰的词所确定，如：
①He signed an agreement under which he would be entitled to a commission on sales.
他签订了一项协议，这可使他获得销售佣金。
②The language teachers association provides a medium through which ideas can be shared and discussed.
语言教师协会提供了一种交流和讨论意见的媒介。
3）根据整个句子所要表达的含义来确定，如：
The substance in which there are many electrons is a good conductor.
含有大量自由电子的物质，是良导体。（这个in并不是那个词所特需的）
Inasmuch as this book has been written primarily for people to whom the material is new，l feel such an approach is pedagogically superior.
由于本书主要是为没有学过这个内容的人编写的，所以我感到这样的方法从教学法角度讲是很优越的。
（2）“短语动词+which” 的情况，常见的形式如下：
in terms of which by means of which as a result of which according to which
in accordance with which on the basis of which because of which relative to which
with respect to which by the help of which by virtue of which
2.“介词+which”在从句中作定语
这种情况并不常见。在从句中作定语时“介词+which”一般并不出现在从句的句首，而是在从句中。如：
①No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder，application for which should be addressed to the Publishers.
未经版权所有者的书面许可，本书的任何内容均不得以任何形式或用任何手段进行翻印或传播：若要提出申请，应提交给出版社。（这里which代替了the written permission）
②More than one hundred elements two thirds of which are metals have been found so far.
到目前为止，人们已发现了一百多种化学元素，其中三分之二是金属。（of which 在此修饰从句的主语two thirds；但which代替了more than one hundred elements，所以定语从句是从elements后面开始。）
3.of which在定语从句中的情况
of which与上述一般的“介词+which”的情况是一样的，它在从句中有以下两种功能：
（1）of which在从句中作状语。
（2）这时，of which只能位于从句的句首。of与从句中的少数动词或形容词构成固定搭配。（详见以上of which在从句中作状语）又如：
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Since the eye cannot focus on objects closer than the near point，this sets a limit to the magnification of which the eye is capable.
由于眼睛不能聚焦于比近点还近的物体，这就限制了眼睛所能实现的放大量。
（3）of which在从句中作定语，这中情况比较常见。
1）of which在从句中修饰主语。
a.表示“所属”：这种情况最常见，这时，of which一般位于从句的主语后面。在这里，有必要把whose和of which结合起来讲解，这样有利于理解of which。作为关系限定词，whose既可指人，也可指物，既可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于非限制性定语从句。
whose指人。如：
①That’s the man whose house was burned down.
那就是住房被烧的人。
②This is George，whose class you will be taking next week.
这就是乔治，你下周将听他的课。
whose指物。如：
①That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.
是肉眼看不见其微小部件的新机器。
②This factory，whose workers are all women，is closed for part of the school holidays.
这个工厂，由于工厂工人都是妇女，常在学校假期关闭一段时间。
关系限定词whose在正式语体中常为of which所代替，用于指物。如：
That’s the new machine the parts of which are too small to be seen.（译文同上）
也可以把of which直接置于先行项之后：
That’s the new machine of which the parts are too small to be seen.（译文同上）
又例如：
①I saw some old buildings whose windows were all broken.
我看见一些老房子，门窗都破损了。
②I saw some old buildings the windows of which were all broken.（译文同上）
③I saw some old buildings of which the windows were all broken.（译文同上）
提示：
如果of which所修饰的词前没有no，any，各种代词等时，它一般就可用whose来替代，但whose只能放在被修饰的词前面，且被修饰词前面的冠词要去掉，如：
Mechanics is the physical theory the task of which （=whose task） is to describe motion.
力学，是一种旨在描述运动的物理理论。
为了加强语气，也可把of which放在从句主语的前面（这并不多见）即，
①Mechanics is the physical theory of which the task （=whose task） is to describe motion.
②The earth is a planet of which the surface（=the surface of which=whose surface） is surrounded by a layer of atmosphere.
地球是一颗其表面被一层大气包围着的行星。
b.of which表示“其中”（即部分与整体的关系）之意时，绝不能用whose来替代。常见的形式是“不定代词、数词等+of which”，关系代词除which外，还可以是whom，whose，主要如下：
one of which... either of which...
each of which...neither of which...
some of which... many of which...
a few of which... much of which...
both of which...most of which...
all of which... none of which...
any of which... the first of which...
a part of which...the most important of which...
①The body is composed of specialized groups of cells，the first of which are called tissues.
人体是由各种特殊的细胞群构成的，其中第一种被称为组织。
②This idea can be readily applied to members of the animal kingdom，all of whom maintain about the same temperature and have about the same density.
这一概念可容易地应用于动物王国的成员中，所以这些成员保持着大约相同的体温，同时具有大致相同的密度。（注意：由于定语从句修饰的是动物，所以使用了whom而不是which。）
③The storekeeper in the neighborhood，some of whom had already been robbed，asked for more police protection.
附近商店的店员们请求警方给予更多的保护，因为他们当中的有些人曾被抢过。
④The residents，all of whose homes had been damaged by the flood，were given help by the Red Cross.
这些居民们的家全被洪水冲毁了，他们得到了红十字会的帮助。
⑤The eighty-nine passengers all escaped without serious injury，four of whom were Americans.
89名乘客全部脱险而没受重伤，其中有4个是美国人。
提示：
若为了加强“其中”的含义，并且从句主语不是某些不定代词或被no，any，各种代词修饰时，可以把of which放在从句主语前。如：
①The first stage of the rocket has a total mass of 12，000 kg，of which 9000kg（=9，000kg of which） is fuel.
该火箭第一级的总质量为12000千克，其中9000千克是燃料。
②When testing ended on 25 November 1973，the total operating time was 374，580 hours，of which the last 104，580 hours （=the last 104，580 hours of which） were failure-free.
当1973年11月25日试验结束时，总的工作时间为375580小时，其中最后的104580小时是无故障时间。
如果of which在从句中修饰there be句型的主语的话，它只能放在从句的句首。如：
There are different substances，of which there is indeed an enormous number.
（世界上）有着许多不同的物质，事实上其种类甚多。（of which在从句中是修饰an enormous number的。）
2）of which在从句中修饰表语时，一定要放在从句的句首。如：
Faraday joined the City Philosophical Society，of which he became a very keen member.
法拉第加入了伦敦自然科学研究会，他成为该会一位很热心的会员。
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