学文网【摘 要】情态动词是用来表达说话人
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申明:本网站内容仅用于学术交流，如有侵犯您的权益，请及时告知我们，本站将立即删除有关内容。 【摘 要】情态动词是用来表达说话人的情感态度，对事物的看法、倾向、好恶程度等，也是表达请求、命令、警告、赞扬、厌恶等情感的一类词。它是学生学习英语时不好把握的一个语法难点，也是高考的重点之一。为了帮助同学们更好地学习情态动词，本文介绍了情态动词在具体语境中的基本用法。 【关键词】情态动词 基本用法 区别 【中***分类号】G632 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674-4810（2015）15-0103-03
情态动词常用来表达说话人的情感态度，对事物的看法、倾向、好恶程度以及求、命令、警告、赞扬、厌恶等情感。下面谈谈它的基本用法和区别。
一 情态动词的基本用法
第一，表示征求对方意见或许可的情态动词有must，can，could，may，might，shall等，如：
――Must I hand in my homework today？
――Yes，you must.＼Yes，you have to.
――No，you needn’t.＼No，you don’t have to（用mustn’t是讲不通的）
Can I come in and have a good look at your house with my girlfriend now？（比较口语化）
――Could I use your mobile phone as mine is power off？（语气委婉）
――Yes，you can.（回答不能用could）
May ＼ Might I use your bicycle？ （比较正式，用might语气更委婉）
Shall I open the window to let in some fresh air？ （shall此用法只用于第一和第三人称）
Shall he come to sit in this seat and listen to your speech？（同上）
第二，表示邀请或请求的情态动词有can，will，would，could，一般用于第二人称;用would和could时表示语气更加委婉，如：
Can ＼ Could you lend me some money to buy some books and dictionaries？
Will ＼ Would you please tell us a story or joke for pleasure？
第三，表示允许或许可的情态动词有can，may，如：
You can sit here and do your homework because the seat is not occupied.
You may go to bed and get up as late as you like;nobody cares about that.
第四，表示禁止的情态动词有can’t，mustn’t，shan’t等否定形式，shan’t 多表按照某规定“不能”如：
They can’t wear whatever they like when they are at school.
Anybody mustn’t take books out of the library without permission.
You shan’t hand in your papers ahead of time in the examinations according to the regulations.
第五，表示建议或劝告的情态动词有ought to，should，had better，need等，如：
Parents ought to take care of their children when they are young and children ought to look after their parents when they are old.（ought to表示义务，为别人做某事）
You should do a lot of exercise regularly to improve your health.（should表建议，多指为自己做某事）
You had better put more clothes in case it is cold on the mountain，boy！（多用于上级对下级，长辈对晚辈之间）
In order to learn English well，you need practice speaking English more often besides reading.（比较口语化）
第六，表示能力的情态动词有can，could，be able to等。can表示现在的“能力”，could表示过去的“能力”，be able to用来填充can，could没有的时态，但was ＼ were able to除了表示过去的能力以外还表示“过去设法做成功某事”，等于managed to do something或succeeded in doing something，此用法不能被could代替，如：
When I was in China I couldn’t speak English，but now in USA I can speak it fluently.
I am sure that this promising young man will be able to support his family in the future.
They charged 20 thousand dollars for the car but I was able to bring the price down.（managed to＼succeeded in…）
第七，表示推测的情态动词有may，might，must，can，could，should，ought to等。must表推测语气最强，但只用于肯定式，否定式中用can’t或couldn’t代替;must ＼ may ＼ might ＼ can’t ＼ could ＼ couldn’t+have done表示对过去发生事情的推测;should，ought to表示“按理说应该”，如：
It may be the headmaster’s office. I am not sure.（把握性不大）
He was careless. He might have won the first place otherwise.（过去的可能性很小）
――Who can it be？ （can代替must）
――It must be our manager.
――No，it can’t he him. He is in Japan at the moment. （must 不能用于否定句，由can’t代替）
――Was it in the street that he played football yesterday？
――It could be in the street，but I am not sure.（可能性不大）
There were five men in your car during the long journey. It must have been uncomfortable.（=It couldn’t have been comfortable. 可能性很大）
He was with me in the class at that time yesterday. He couldn’t have played basketball on the playground yesterday.（动词是过去式时用couldn’t have done，不用can’t have done）
He should be over fifteen years old，because he is a student in the 11th grade.
She ought to turn up at any moment，for she is always on time for work.
第八，表示轻微埋怨、责备或后悔的情态动词有should ＼ ought to ＼ needn’t ＼ could ＼ might+have done，如：
The movie star has died. You should ＼ ought to have come here earlier.（过去该做而没做）
She is unhappy now. I shouldn’t ＼ oughtn’t to have told her the bad news.（过去不该做而做了）
I needn’t have carried so much cash. All my bank cards could be available actually.（做了没必要做的事）
You could have married me at that time. I loved and love you but he doesn’t.（过去本可以做但没做）
She was out of mind. She might have passed the exam otherwise.（过去也许会但没有）
第九，表示警告、允诺、命令或威胁的情态动词是shall，常用于第二、三人称，如：
You shall take the book to read as long as I finish it before Friday.
All the candidates shall remain at their seats until the bell rings announcing the end of the exam.
第十，表示偏执的情态动词是must，如：
If you must want to know my age，which is a privacy，let me tell you unwillingly.
Must you smoke at a no-smoking area？ You will be punished seriously.
第十一，表示怀疑的情态动词有should（竟然），dare，can’t，如：
Such a high official should be so rude to that little girl. What a shame！
How dare you say that I treated you unfairly？ Actually I did it right.
Why can’t you know my telephone number and e-mail address？ We are good friends.
第十二，表示习惯性的情态动词有will，would，will表示现在反复，would表示过去反复，如：
After work he will go to the café to have a cup of coffee every day.
Whenever and wherever he met him，he would stop the soldier and ask the same questions again and again in the army.
二 情态动词用法区别
第一，must & have to。must表示主观上“必须”，have to表示客观逼迫“不得不”，如：
We must study English very hard，which I like very much.
I have to study English very hard，because I have to pass the exam in the NMET.
第二，would，used to，be used to doing & be used to do sth。would表示过去反复的动作，而uesd to则侧重“过去如此，现在已经不是那样了”以及“过去存在的状态”;be used to doing是表示“习惯于做某事”，其中be有时态和人称的变化，后跟动名词;be used to do something表示“某东西被用来做某事”，如：
When he was in that factory，he would go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
He used to smoke and drink a lot，but now he doesn’t.
There used to be a big temple where there is a school now.（过去的状态）
He has been used to working in such bad conditions.
Wood can be used to make desks and chairs as well houses.
第三，didn’t need to do & needn’t have done。didn’t need to do表示“过去没必要做也没做”，而needn’t have done表示“过去没必要做但已经做了”，如：
It was raining yesterday. I didn’t need to work in the fields，so I stayed at home.（没去工作）
It was Sunday yesterday. I needn’t have gone to school. But I forgot it and went as usual.（去学校了）
第四，need & dare。这两个词既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词，一般来说，情态动词多用于否定和疑问句;实义动词用于各种句式，后跟动词不定式，I dare say是固定短语，意为“我认为、我相信”，如：
――Need I finish my report by six o’clock today？ （情态动词）
――Yes，you must ＼ you have to.
――No，you needn’t ＼ you don’t have to.
As a Chinese high school student，I need to work at least 10 hours a day.（实义动词）
My car needs repairing ＼ to be repaired thoroughly.（实义动词，后跟动名词主动表被动）
Tom daren’t go out alone when it is dark at night. （情态动词）
Dare you go home to face your parents when you haven’t done well in the exams？（情态动词）
I don’t dare to feel the snake even if it is dead.（实义动词）
第五，can’t have done & couldn’t have done ＼ could have done。can’t have done和couldn’t have done均可表示must的否定推测，强调从现在角度出发推测过去某事“不可能”;但当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，就必须用couldn’t have done;could have done表示“过去有能力或有可能做某事但没有做”，有惋惜、遗憾、批评、责备等意思，如：
His jacket is still here，so he can’t（couldn’t）have gone home.（must的否定式）
My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday，so he couldn’t have attended your lecture.（过去不可能）
You could have walked here instead of taking a taxi;it is so near.
第六，would like to do & would like to have done。would like to do 表示现在或将来“想做某事”，而would like to have done表示过去“想做某事但没做成”，如：
I would like to go to the concert tonight，but my parents don’t allow me to.
I would like to have gone to the concert last night but I had to review lessons for the exams.
参考文献 [1]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002 [2]薄冰、何***安.英语语法[M].北京：开明出版社，1998
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