主谓一致篇1
1.形式上的一致。例如:
The child is playing outside.
那孩子正在外面玩。(主语和谓语动词都是单数形式)
The children are playing outside.
孩子们正在外面玩。(主语和谓语动词都是复数形式)
2.意义上的一致。例如:
The family were watching TV last night.昨晚全家(人)在看电视。
(主语是单数名词family,但表示复数意念,故用复数形式的动词were。)
3.邻近原则,即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词或代词一致。例如:
There is a book and two pencils on the desk.
课桌上有一本书和两支铅笔。
(主语a book and two pencils虽是复数形式,但谓语动词与a book邻近,故用单数形式is。)
下面我们从名词作主语、代词作主语和数词作主语三方面来具体说说它们与谓语动词一致的问题。
(一) 名词作主语与谓语动词的一致
(1)主语是单数名词,谓语须用单数形式。但有时表示复数概念,谓语动词则应用复数形式,
如family,people,police,enemy等,看起来是单数形式,谓语动词却常用复数形式因为这
些词表示复数意念,作集体名词。
(2)主语是复数名词时,谓语动词须用复数形式。但若主语表示单数或整体概念时,谓语则应用单数形式的动词。
(3)有些名词以“s”结尾,但却是单数。如:news,physics,maths,politics等。所以谓语动词应用单数形式。
(4)当主语是两个名词由and连接时,若表示一种事物或一种概念时,应用单数形式的动词。
(5)有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数形式。第二个every或each可
省略。
(6)在邻近原则中:
①在“名(代)词 + or + 名(代)词”作主语时,谓语动词应与or后的名(代)词一致。
②“either + 名(代)词 + or + 名(代)词”作主语时,谓语动词应与or后的词一致。
③“neither + 名(代)词 + nor + 名(代)词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应与nor后的词
保持一致。
④“not only + 名(代)词 + but(also) + 名(代)词”作主语时,谓语动词与but(also)后的名(代)词
保持一致。
⑤在There be……句型中,be动词要与第一个主语的单复数一致。
(7)主语是表示部分的名词 + of + 名(代)词时
①“one of + 名(代)词复数”为主语时,谓语通常为单数形式。
②“a pair of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词常为单数,若pair是复数pairs时,动词为复数
形式。
③“(a) part of + 名词”作主语时,若名词是单数,谓语动词则为单数形式;若名词是复数时,
谓语动词则为复数形式。
④“a group of + 名词”作主语时,强调整体,动词用单数形式;若强调group中的各成员,动
词用复数形式。
⑤“a number of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式(a number of=many)。
“the number of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词应为单数形式,它的意思是“…的数字或
数量”。
⑥“a lot of(或lots of) + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但如果是一个不可数名
词作主语,谓语动词则用单数形式。
⑦“most of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词是复数形式;但如果是一个不可数名词作主语,
谓语动词则用单数形式。
⑧“plenty of + 不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;若+名词复数作主语,谓语动词
则为复数形式。
(8)主语为短语或句子时,谓语动词应用单数形式。
(二) 代词作主语与谓语动词的一致
(1)all作主语时,若谓语动词用单数形式,则表示一个整体;若用复数形式,则表示复数概念。
(2)any作主语,这可根据其数量概念,而选用单数或复数形式动词。
(3)“each of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词单数形式。
(4)“either/neither + of + 名(代)词复数”作主语时,谓语动词通常为单数形式。
(5)“none或none of + 名(代)词复数”作主语时,谓语动词单、复数皆可。但若指明的是不可数 名词时,谓语动词只能用单数。
(6)All/Most/Half/Part/Some/The rest of + 不可数名词 + 动词的单数形式
(7)All/Most/Half/Part/Some/The rest of + 复数名词 + 动词的复数形式
(三) 数词作主语和谓语动词的一致
主谓一致篇2
【关键词】 主语 谓语动词 主谓一致
在英语中,主谓一致主要有以下几种情况:
1. 单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句用作主语时的主谓一致
单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句用作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数的形式。主语为复数名词或代词时,谓语动词用复数的形式。例如:
A camel is much taller than a horse. 骆驼比马高得多。
2. 由and或both ... and连接的并列名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致
由and或both ... and连接的并列名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。例如:
He and she are both interested in music. 他和她都对音乐感兴趣。
3. 由“a ... and a half, more than one + 单词名词”构成的主语时的主谓一致
由“a ... and a half, more than one + 单词名词”构成的主语,尽管从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词要用单数形式,如:
A year and a half has passed since we parted last time. 自从我们上次分手已经有一年半的时间了。
4. 主语有“with,together with,except,but,like,as well as”等引起的短语作主语时的主谓一致
主语是单数名词或代词,尽管后面有“with,together with,except,but,like,as well as”等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数的形式,如果主语是复数的形式,谓语动词也用复数的形式。例如:
He with his friends often goes swimming in the river during the summer vocation. 他和他的朋友经常在暑假期间去游泳。
5. 主语为表示两部分组成的物体的名词时的主谓一致
主语为表示两部分组成的物体的名词(如glasses,jeans,pants,scissors,trainers, trousers等)时,谓语动词用复数形式,如果它们前面用了pair of ,谓语动词取决于pair的单复数形式。例如:
This pair of trainers is made in China. 这双运动鞋时中国制造的。
6. 主语为“the number of + 复数名词”和“a number of +复数名词”作主语时的主谓一致
主语为“the number of + 复数名词”时,谓语动词用单数形式,主语为“a number of +复数名词”时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
The number of the population in the area is 250,000. 这个地区的人口是25万。
A number of animals have been killed in the past ten years. 在过去的十年里大量的动物被捕杀。
7. each 或由some,any,every构成的复合代词用作主语时的主谓一致
each 或由some,any,every构成的复合代词用作主语时,谓语动词用单数的形式。例如:
Everybody is here today. 今天大家都到齐了。
8. either, neither 用作主语时的主谓一致
either, neither 用作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数,但是如果后面接“of +复数名词或代词”时,谓语动词用单复数均可。例如:
Either is suitable. 两者中任何一个都合适
9. 定语从句中的主谓一致
在定语从句中,关系代词that, who, which 等用作主语时,其谓语动词数应与先行词保持一致。例如:
The student who speaks English best in our class is Tom. 我们班里英语讲的最好的是汤姆。
10. 由what引导的主语从句作主语时间的主谓一致
由what引导的主语从句,主句谓语动词一般用单数的形式,但如果表示复数的意义,主句谓语动词则用复数的形式。例如:
What he said at the meeting was very instructive to us. 他在会上所讲的东西对我们来说非常有教育意义。
11. 由and所连接的并列名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致
由and所连接的并列主语如果指一个人或一种事物时其后谓语动词则用数的形式。例如:
The singer and pianist has come. 那位歌唱家兼钢琴家来了。
12. 表示时间,距离,价格,度量衡等名词作主语时的主谓一致
表示时间,距离,价格,度量衡等名词的复数形式用作主语时,通常作为整体看待,谓语动词要用单数形势。例如:
Six days is too long for us to wait. 六天对我们来说等的太久了。
13. 集体名词作主语时的主谓一致
集体名词(如:class, family, group, team, crowd等)用作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于集体名词的意义。当集体名词指整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;当集体名词指其中的个体时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
Almost every family there owns a building with a garden. 那里几乎每户人家拥有一座带花园的楼房。
主谓一致篇3
一、语法一致原则
1. Vegetables sold at this shop usually fresh.
A. is B. are
分析:主语为复数,谓语用复数,故选B项。
2. The bread and the butter in that shop.
A. was sold out B. were sold out
分析:and或both… and 连接的并列主语,谓语用复数,故选B项。
3. A knife and fork on the table.
A. is B. are
分析:主语是and连接的两个词,它们在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事、同一概念时,谓语用单数,故选A项。
4. No teacher and no student here just now.
A. is B. are
分析:由and连接的两个单数名词作主语,前面有every,each或no修饰时,谓语用单数,故选A项。
5. Everything well with me.
A. go B. goes
分析:some,any,no,every与body,one和thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语用单数,故选B项。
6. I as well as you a football fan.
A. am B. are
分析:主语中含有with,along with,together with,as well as,but,except,like等引导的词语时,谓语与第一个主语一致。此题的第一个主语为I,故选A项。
7. Neither of your two answers correct.
A. is B. are
分析:each,every,neither,either作主语或主语的修饰成分时,谓语用单数,故选A项。
8. There plenty of time.
A. is B. are
分析:a lot of,lots of,plenty of 及分数等修饰的名词作主语时,谓语视名词而定,若名词是单数或不可数名词,谓语用单数;若名词是复数,谓语也要用复数。time为不可数名词,故本题选A项。
9. This pair of trousers too long for me.
A. is B. are
分析:“this pair of+复数名词”或“this kind of+单数名词/复数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数,故选A项。
二、意义一致原则
1. The police the murderer.
A. has arrested B. have arrested
分析:people,cattle,police等集体名词作主语时,谓语用复数,故选B项。
2. My family all music.
A. loves B. love
分析:family, group, class, team, army, public等集体名词作主语时,谓语视情况而定,若这些词表示整体意义,谓语用单数;若表示其成员时,谓语用复数,故选B项。
3. The young usually very active.
A. is B. are
分析:“the+形容词”表示一类人,谓语用复数,故选B项。
4. I think that physics more difficult than chemistry.
A. is B. are
分析:news, physics, politics, maths 等以-s结尾的单数名词或不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数,故选A项。
5. The Arabian Nights a very interesting storybook.
A. is B. are
分析:书刊名称、组织名称、国家名称、格言等作主语时,谓语用单数。此题的主语为书名,故选A项。
6. Most of the wood to make furniture.
A. was used B. were used
分析:most, all, half, the rest等不定代词作主语或作主语的修饰成分时,需视情况而定。若后接不可数名词,谓语用单数;若后接复数名词,谓语用复数。此题wood为不可数名词,所以谓语用单数,故选A项。
三、就近原则
1. Either you or I able to attend the lecture.
A. is B. am
分析:由either…or,neither…nor, not only…but (also),not…but,or 等连接主语时,谓语与邻近它的那个主语一致。此题邻近的主语为I,故谓语为am,选B项。
2. Not only the earth but also the planets
round the sun.
A. move B. moves
分析:道理同上。此题邻近主语为the planets,故谓语为复数,选A项。
3. There a dictionary and some books
on the desk.
A. is B. are
分析:there,here引导的句子且主语不止一个时,谓语与邻近的(即动词后第一个)主语一致,故选A项。
四、其它情况
1. Ten dollars enough.
A. is B. are
分析:表示时间、距离、金钱、价格、重量等名词的复数作主语时,它们被看作是一个整体,谓语用单数,故选A项。
2. Eight minus three five.
A. leave B. leaves
分析:在表示加减乘除运算时,谓语需用单数,故选B项。
3. Whether we go or not the weather.
A. depends on B. depend on
分析:不定式、动名词、从句作主语时,谓语用单数,故选A项。
4. His a new bike.
A. is B. are
分析:名词性物主代词作主语,谓语取决于动词后的名词,故选A项。
5. Many a person that kind of experience.
主谓一致篇4
1.单数名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。问题的关键是分清真正作主语的成分。
【高考原题1】We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks_______so small that a day is unimportant.(07湖南)
A. isB. areC. has beenD. have been
【答案与解析】主语部分为the time of days and weeks, 但真正的主语为the time, 故谓语动词应为单数。答案在A和C之间选择。上下文的时态为一般现在时, 没有理由用现在完成时,故答案为A。
【高考原题2】 She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book_______50 million. (04福建)
A. have reached B. has reached
C. are reachingD. had reached
【答案与解析】主语部分为the sales of her latest book, 但真正的主语为the sales, 故谓语动词应为复数。答案在A和C之间选择。上文的时态为现在完成时,故答案为A。
【高考原题3】Every possible means_______to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. (00上海春招)
A. is used B. are used
C. has been usedD. have been used
【答案与解析】means 的单复数一样,但其前有every, 所以means为单数。答案在A和C之间选择。下文but the sky is still not clear, 说明各种方式都已经用上,故答案为完成形式C。
【高考原题4】He is the only one of the students who_______a winner of scholarship for three years.(02上海春招)
A. is B. areC. have beenD. has been
【答案与解析】one 之前有the only, who 引导的定语从句应修饰one, 而不是students, 所以who后面的谓语动词应为单数。答案在A和D之间选择。从下文for three years上,可以看出答案应为D。
2.不定式、动名词、从句做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
【高考原题5】 Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where_______yet. (07浙江)
A. hasn’t been decidedB. haven’t decided
C. isn’t being decidedD. aren’t decided
【答案与解析】when and where 是when and where Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture的省略形式,谓语动词应为单数。答案在A和C之间选择。从下文yet上,可以看出答案应为A。
【高考原题6】When and where to go for the on-salary holiday_______yet. (03上海春招)
A. are not decidedB. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
【答案与解析】When and where to go for the on-salary holiday是不定式短语作主语,谓语动词应为单数。答案在C和D之间选择。从下文yet上,可以看出答案应为D。
3.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数。当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数。
【高考原题7】 A poet and artist_______coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. (06江苏)
A. isB. are C. was D. were
【答案与解析】A poet and artist为一个人,谓语动词应为单数。答案在A和C之间选择。从下文tomorrow afternoon上,可以看出句子的时态应为将来时态。答案应为A。
4.当主语后面有with, along with, together with, like, except, but, rather than, as well as 等词或短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。
【高考原题8】Professor Smith along with his assistants,_______on the project day and night to meet the deadline. (05上海)
A. workB. working C. is working D. are working
【答案与解析】真正的主语为Professor Smith, 谓语动词应为单数。答案为C。
【高考原题9】 All the employees except the manager_______to work online at home. (04广东)
A. encouragesB. encourage
C. is encouragedD. are encouraged
【答案与解析】真正的主语为all the employees, 谓语动词应为复数。答案在B和D之间选择。根据上下文,句子应为被动,所以答案为D。
【高考原题10】No one in the department but Tom and I_______that the director is going to resign. (04上海春招)
A. knowsB. know
C. have known D. am to know
【答案与解析】真正的主语为no one, 谓语动词应为单数,所以答案为A。
【高考原题11】The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class,_______visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. (04北京)
A. was B. were C. had beenD. would be
【答案与解析】真正的主语为the teacher, 谓语动词应为单数。根据下文when the earthquake struck, 句子应为进行时态,所以答案为A。
5.代词 some, rest, more, most, enough, all等词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由代词指代的词的单复数决定。
【高考原题12】Most of what has been said about the Smiths_______also true of the Johnsons. (06安徽)
A. areB. is C. beingD. to be
【答案与解析】真正的主语为most, what has been said about the Smiths强调内容,应为单数。所以答案为B。
6.“a number of / a variety of ”+复数名词作主语时,谓语动词应为复数。但是, “the number/ the variety of ” + 复数名词作主语时,谓语动词应为单数。
【高考原题13】Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside,_______in the clothing industry.(05辽宁)
A. is workingB. works C. work D. worked
【答案与解析】真正的主语为a large number of women, 谓语动词应为复数。答案在C和D之间选择。根据上文nowadays, 句子应为一般现在时,所以答案为C。
【高考原题14】As you can see, the number of cars on our roads_______rising these days. (06全国II)
A. was keepingB. keep
C. keepsD. were keeping
【答案与解析】 真正的主语为the number, 谓语动词应为单数。答案在A和C之间选择。根据下文these days, 句子应为一般现在时,所以答案为C。
7.a large/small quantity of, 等引起主语时,谓语动词与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。Large/small quantities of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
【高考原题15】 With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth_______each year. (05山东)
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
【答案与解析】主语部分为huge quantities of good earth, 因quantities为复数,谓语动词应为复数。答案在C和D之间选择。根据句义,句子结构应为被动,故答案应为D。
【高考原题16】As a result of destroying the forests, a large_______of desert_______covered the land. (01上海)
A. number… has B. quantity… has
C. number… have D. quantity… have
【答案与解析】desert 为不可数句词,不能用number. quantity为单数,谓语动词应为单数。故答案应为B。
8.表示金钱、时间、距离、长度、体积、面积、重量、价格或度量衡的名词词组作主语时,通常把这些名词词组看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。
【高考原题17】A survey of the opinions of expertsthat three hours of outdoor exercise a week_______good for one’s health. (07江西)
A. show ;areB. shows ;is
C. show; isD. shows; are
【答案与解析】主句主语部分为A survey of the opinions of experts,真正的主语为a survey, 谓语动词应为单数。从句主语部分为three hours of outdoor exercise a week,可看作一个整体,故答案为B。
9.分数、百分数作主语时,谓语动词形式根据其后的名词而定。
【高考原题18】The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third_______used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long. (06浙江)
A. is B. are C. wasD. were
【答案与解析】one-third 为one-third of the 20 notebook computers的省略形式,谓语动词应为复数。答案在B和D之间选择。上文的时态为过去时态had, 故答案应为D。
【高考原题19】 _______of the land in that district covered with trees and grass. (00上海)
A. Two fifth… is B. Two fifth … are
C. Two fifths… isD. Two fifths … are
【答案与解析】分子大于1时,分母为序数词的复数形式,答案在C和D之间选择。但分数后的名词the land in that district为不可数,所以谓语动词应为单数。故答案应为C。
10.并列连词“or ; either … or;nor; neither…or;not…but; not only…but also” 等连接并列主语时,谓语动词跟后面的一致。
【高考原题20】Not only I but also Jane and Mary_______tired of having one examination after another. (89)
A. is B. are C. amD. be
【答案与解析】谓语动词应与but also 后面的Jane and Mary 一致,用复数,故答案为B。
【主谓一致实战演练】
1. The committee_______over the problem among themselves for two hours.
A. has argued B. has been arguing
C. have argued D. have been arguing
2. The public_______generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims.
A. is B. wasC. areD. has been
3. Her politics_______neither conservative nor liberal, for she is not so interested in politics.
A. isB. areC. wasD. has been
4. The Philippines , in which there are a lot of Chinese,_______to the southeast of China.
A. liesB. lieC. lay D. lays
5. Whisky and soda_______his favorite drink and bread and butter his favorite food.
A. isB. are C. were D. have been
6. The Smiths_______their breakfast when the morning post came.
A. had B. has been having
C. are having D. were having
7. The majority of the damage to the car_______easy to repair.
A. isB. areC. were D. be
8. Early to bed and early to rise_______a man healthy, happy and wise.
A. makingB. to make C. make D. makes
9. Every man, woman and child_______some history, enough at least, to survive in the world.
A. knowsB. knowC. is known D. are known
10. In that country, the rich_______richer and the poor poorer.
A. become B.has become
C. becomesD. is becoming
11. The project requires more labor than_______because it is extremely difficult.
A. has been put in B. have been put in
C. being put inD. to be put in
12. Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease_______likely to develop it.
A. should be B. must beC. is D. are
13. The Olympic Games_______in Beijing in the year of 2008.
A. are to be held B. are to hold
C. is to be held D. is to hold
14. The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
15. The Rocky Mountains ______ two thousand miles through two countries.
A. extendB. extends
C. has extendedD. have extended
主谓一致篇5
一、主谓一致的基本用法
1.并列结构作主语,且当意义为复数时,谓语用复数形式。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或物时,谓语动词用单数,and连接的两个名词前只用一个冠词。如:
The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.
2.主谓一致中的靠近原则。
(1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a bowl,two knives and several forks on the table..
There are thirty boy-students and twenty-five girl-students in the class.
(2)在由not only ...but also ...,not just ... but ...,or,neither ... nor ...,either ... or ...连接主语的句子中,谓语动词的单复数遵循就近一致原则,即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如:
Not only Mary but also I am going to London next week.
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
当主语后面跟有with,together with,like,except,but,as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。如:
The teacher together with his students is discussing Writing Skills that was newly published in China.
4.谓语动词与后接名词或代词保持一致。
(1)用half of,part of,most of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词或代词保持一致。如:
Most of her money is spent on dress.
(2)在more than ... of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。如:
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.
5.谓语用单数。
(1)主语中含有each,every时,谓语动词需用单数。如:
Each boy gets a present.
(2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。如:
The Arabian Nights is a book known to lovers of English.
(3)表示金钱、时间、距离、价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语多用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变)如:
Two weeks is allowed for preparing for the examination.
6.指代意义决定谓语的单复数。
(1)代词what,which,who,none,some,any,most,all等词后面的谓语动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。如:
All is right.
All are present.
(2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的单复数要根据主语的意思来决定,如family,audience,crowd,class,company,committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示整个集体。如:
The committee is made up of 12 people.
Her family are music lovers.
但集合名词people,police,cattle等在任何情况下后面的谓语动词都用复数形式.
Are there any police around?
(3)有些名词,如variety,number,population,majority等构成的表示“一些”的词组作主语时,有时看作单数,有时看作复数。如:
A number of+名词复数+复数动词
The number of +名词复数+单数动词
The number of the students in our school is over 3,000.
二、主谓一致中的“表里不一”现象
1.“more than one +名词”作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数。例如:
More than one high official has been questioned by the police since the mayor was shot dead.
2.“many a +名词”作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数。例如:
Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
主谓一致篇6
一、主语是复数形式,谓语动词却用单数形式
(1)以-ics结尾的学科名词physics, politics, mathematics以及news等词通常表示单数意义,用作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Mathematics seems to be difficult to me.
(2)用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词充任主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
The United States is a capitalist country.
(3)表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词用作主语,当作一个整体看待时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Sixty miles is quite a distance.
二、主语是单数形式,而谓语动词用复数形式:
(1)表示总称意义的名词police,people,public,cattle,militia等用作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
People are talking about the news.
(2)以-ch.-sh.-ese结尾的表示国家,民族的形容词与定冠词the连用时指整个民族,表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。如:
The Chinese are kind and friendly.
(3)形容词blind,deaf,sick,poor,unemployed,old,dead,rich等与定冠词the连用时指某一类人,表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。如:
The unemployed are losing hope.
三、连词and所连接的主语,其谓语动词应经过分析后再确定用复数形式还是用单数形式
(1)由and连接的并列主语表示两个不同的人或物时,其谓语动词用复数形式。如:
The pen and the pencil are mine.
(2)由and连接的并列单数主语,如前面分别有each,every,no或many a修饰,其谓语动词用单数形式。如:
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
(3)由and连接的两个单数主语,如指同一人、同一物或同一概念,其谓语动词用单数形式。如:
The singer and dancer is leaving for Shanghai.
四、主语时单数形式,而谓语动词的形式要根据具体情况来定
(1)单复数同形的名词fish,deer,sheep作主语,谓语动词根据主语的意义而定。如:
There are many sheep on the hill.
A sheep is running towards us.
(2)关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中做主语,其谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致。如:
Those who want to go sign their names here.
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
(3)不定代词all,some,none等用作主语,谓语动词根据主语的具体含义而确定其形式。如:
All is quiet.万籁俱寂。
All are here.大家都到齐了。
(4)分数或百分数用作主语,谓语动词的形式应根据后随的有关名词或上下文来确定。如:
Only 30 percent of the students in the class are boys.
Three-fourths of the earth is covered by water.
(5)单数形式的集体名词用作主语,如作为整体看待其谓语动词用单数形式,如就其中的个别成员而言其谓语动词用复数形式。如:
His family is a large one.
His family are interested in music.
类似family的名词还有audience,class,company,crew,
crowd,enemy,government,group,team等。
五、主谓一致应注意的其它问题
(1)主语从句、不定式或动名词短语用作主语,其谓语动词用单数形式。如:
How to get rid of these things is a big problem.
(2)不定代词either,neither,each,one,the other,another,
anyone,anything,someboby等作主语,其谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Is there anything important in the newspaper?
(3)如主语后面有as well as,no less than,
rather than,more than,but,except,besides,with, along with,like,including,in addition to引导的短语,其谓语动词不受这些短语的影响,与真正的主语保持一致。如:
The teacher as well as the students likes this painting.
(4)a number of 加复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;而the number of加复数名词表示“…的数目“用作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
A number of students are resding the text.
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.
(5)连词or,either…or,neither…nor,
not only…but also,whether…or等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的数通常与最靠近它的主语保持一致。如:
Not only you but also he is wrong.
Either my father or my brothers are coming.
Neither I nor he knows.
Either you or I am to go.
主谓一致篇7
一、瞬间动词问题
英语中的动词有延续性和瞬间之分。有一些动词表示的动作可以延续而有些动词表示的动作是短暂的。这类表示短暂动作的动词被称为非延续性动词(close,open,arrive,become,begin,break,come,catch,die,leave,buy,finish,go,see,stop,hear等)。当这类动词用于现在完成时态时,学生是很容易犯错误的。到底怎样使用才正确呢?试比较下面两个句子:
误:She has come here for a week.
正:She has been here for a week.
这里catch是终止性动词,have是持续性动词。注;终止性动词在现在完成时的肯定句里,不能与for表示的段时间状语或since短语/从句也不能与how long引起的疑问句连用。可以采用下列两种方法:第一种改变句型:1.用It is(或has been)since句型;2.用副词ago把句子改为一般过去时。如:
误:Mr·Smith has finished the work for about an hour.
正:It is about an hour since Mr·Smith finished the work.
正:Mr·Smith finished the work about an hour.
第二种可对动词作相应变化。多数瞬间动词可用be的相应形式来表示延续或状态,有些可用相应的延续性动词来代替。常见的替换词有Come=be here;leave=be away;die=be dead;begin=be on;open=be open;buy=have;borrow=keep;eat=have;join=be in,(或be a member of);get up=be up;get ready=be ready;get to know=know;make friends=be friends;go to bed=sleep;catch a cold=have a cold等。请看例子:
误:How long have you bought the pen?
正:How long have you had the pen?
有些动词用以上两种方法均可用,就如以上例句:
误:How long have you borrowed the book?
正:when did you buy the book?或
正:How long have you kept the book?
需要注意的是:1.在否定句中,瞬间动词的否定形式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:She hasn't left the school about an hour. 2.终止性动词可以用于现在完成时中,但不与表示段时间的状语连用,但可用already,yet,before,just,ever,now,todey等时间状语。
二、主谓一致问题
在英语里主语人称的单复数变化影响着谓语动词数的变化,因此英语里有主谓一致现象。由于这一现象在汉语里不存在,在实际应用中,出现的错误非常多。现列举如下:
1、People likes eating vegetables in meals.
主语people(人们),形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,故likes应改为like。当people作“民族”解时,谓语动词用单数。另外:police,cattle,crowd等充当主语时,谓语常用复数。
2、What are on the two plates?
把句中的are改为is。因为问容器内有什么东西,不论是主语是单数还是复数,疑问代词what作主语时,谓语动词均用单数。
3、The teacher and dancer are going to the party.
主语意为“那个老师兼舞蹈家”,指的是同一个人,因此are应改为is。如在dancer前再加the,意即“那个老师和那个舞蹈家”,指两人时用are。类似结构有:every…and every…,each…and each…或no…and no…等结构作主语时,谓语一般用单数。
4、Not noly her friends but also her brother enjoy listening to the radio.
由并列连词not only…but also…,neither…nor…,either…or…等连接两个主语时,谓语动词一般采用就近原则。另外在There be句型中be的单复数的决定也适用此原则,其数由靠近它的主语来决定。句中的第二个主语her sister是单数,因此谓语动词enjoy应改为enjoys。
5、This kind of apple taste good.
改动词taste为tastes。因为由“(this)kind of十名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。而(these)kinds of作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
6、Physics were taught by Mr·Zhang last term.
Were应改为Was。以s结尾的名词作主语时,一般情况下谓语动词用复数形式。但该句中的主语physics,是表示学科的名词,谓语动词应用单数形式。一般说来,以一ics结尾的表学科名称的名词作主语时,谓语用单数。
7、His family is a healthy.
主语family属于集体名词,在这里作家庭成员解,所以改is为are。若把family作为一个整体来看,谓语用单数。类似用法的名词还有:class,group,public,team,government,company,committee,crew,team等。
8、Half of the money are yours.
Half,some,all,most,the rest,the majority,any等+of表示部分概念时,谓语动词的单复数形式应由of后名词或代词单复数而定。类似用法的还有分数、百分数的短语作主语时。句中的money是不可数名词,故are应改为is。但如果是美元则为可数名词,则应用are。
9、Mr·Green togother with some American friends, have visited our school.
“名词或代词+介词或介词短语+名词或代词”这一结构充当主语时,谓语的数与较远的名词或代词保持一致。所以该句的谓语应与Mr.、Green保持一致,应为has visited。常见的介词(短语)有:with,along with(和…在一起),as well as,like,as much as,no less than(和…一样),rather than(而不是),including,besides,but,except等引起的短语作主语时,谓语动词应与较远的那个名词或代词保持一致。
10、The number of the students in our school are about 600.
“The number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数,因此,句中的are改为is才对。但是“a number of+复数名词”及a large number of +复数名词。作主语时,谓语动词则用复数。
11、The boys and girls each has their own books.
这里的each不是主语,而是the boys and girls的同位语,不影响谓语的数,句中真正的主语是boys and girls,所以谓语动词应是复数have。
12、This pair of trousers are too short for me.
该句的谓语应改are为is。这种可以加单位词并由两个对应部分组成一体的名词有:gloves,pants,glasses,scissors等作主语时,如果它们带有单位词,谓语的数则由单位词的单复数或单位词前的数词来决定谓语的单复数;如果它们没有单位词,则谓语用复数。
1)A pair of gloves is a nice present.
2)My blue new shoes are cheap.
13、Two weeks are quite a short time for US to finish the work.
主谓一致篇8
【论文摘要】英语中的一致原则主要是指主谓一致,即:谓语的数应和主语的数保持一致。一致原则大致可分为:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。一致原则在英语中处处可见,本文就一致原则进行详细地探讨汇总,其总的情况如下:
1 语法一致
指形式上的主谓一致,即谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语一致
(1)以单数名词、不可数名词、动名词、不定式或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数;主语为复数时,谓语动词也应用复数
When he leaves is of his own decision.
What you really want is fortune and fame。
注:what引导的句子作主语谓语常用单数,但有时单复数皆可,视具体情况而定。What I want is/are books.(表语是复数名词,故也可用复数谓语,相当于Books are what I want.)
(2)用and或both..and连接的并列主语,其谓语常用复数
John and Joe are Jack of all trades.。
注1:若由and连接的并列主语表示同一人、物或概念,且and后面的名词前无冠词时,谓语需用单数
The red and white rose needs watering.
若and后面的名词前有冠词时则表示两个物体,此时谓语应用复数
The red and the white rose need watering.
注2:由and引导的单数名词并列作主语,若and前后的单数名词前都有each,every, no 或many a修饰时,谓语动词常用单数
Each man and each woman plays a waiting game.
No boy and no girl chases after rainbows.
(3)主语是单数,尽管后面跟有(together)with, as well as, like, but, except, including, no less than, rather than, in addition to 等介词短语时,谓语仍用单数
The husband, rather than the wife, deserts the family.
(4)若主语是“a kind of,a series of,a species of,a portion of 等+名词(单数或复数)”时,谓语动词一般用单数,即谓语的数需与这些结构中中心词的数一致。若这种结构中的词为表示一个整体的词时,如:a school of,a group of, a herd of , a flock of, a swarm of,如果指的是一个整体,作主语时谓语动词用单数;如果强调各个组成部分谓语用复数
This kind of dogs is amicable.
Those kinds of dogs are amicable.
A school of fishes lives in the middle reaches of the Yangtse River.(强调整体)
A school of fishes live in the middle reaches of the Yangtse River.(强调个体)
(5)关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句谓语的数应和先行词的数保持一致
I, who am a green hand, need your help with practice.
The policemen arrested these blackmailers who were involved in kidnapping minor students.
2 意义一致"
(1)表示时间,金钱,重量,金额,长度,价格等的复数名词作主语时,谓语用单数;但在there be句型中谓语却用复数
Fifty years is but a moment in history.
There were two hours left for the discussion.
(2)在算式中,数字作主语,谓语多用单数形式
nine minus three equals six.
(3)与集合名词有关的意义一致
1)有些集合名词作主语,若指整体时,谓语用单数;若指个体的具体成员时,谓语用复数。此类集合名词常见的有:family, team, group, crowd, crew,class, audience, population, committee, staff, public, party,jury, infantry等。
His family is very large.他家是个大家庭。
His family are all tall.他一家人个子都高。
2)有些表示总称意义的集合名词表示的是有生命的东西,虽然形式上是单数,但概念上却表示复数,这类集合名词作主语时谓语用复数。如:cattle, folk,people, police, gentry,youth, spanish等。
Extra police were rushed to the scene of the trouble.
3)表示无生命东西的集合作主语时,谓语常用单数形式。如:scenery, machinery, poetry, jewellery, stationery, clothing等。
The stationery I bought yesterday has gone.
3 就近一致:指谓语动词的数与离谓语最相近的作主语的名词的数一致
(1)在正式文体中,由or,either…or, neither…nor, whether…or,not only…but also等连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与和谓语最靠近的主语保持人称和数的一致
Neither you nor I am an only child.
(2)在there be,here be句型中,主语不止一个时,be动词的数常和最邻近的主语的数保持一致
There is a notebook, a pen and some books on the desk.
(3)在倒装句中,谓语动词应与其后的主语保持数的一致
How is this word spelt?
参考文献
[1] 徐广联,大学英语语法,华东理工大学出版.
[2] 薄冰,高级英语语法,世界知识出版社,2000.
[3] L.G.Alexander,朗文高级英语语法,外语教育与研究出版社,1999.
[4] 张道真,实用英语语法(最新版本)外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
主谓一致篇9
【关键词】英语 主语 谓语
【中***分类号】G632 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674-4810(2014)22-0128-01
英语中,谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。当一个句子有两个或两个以上的主语时,谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式。这种一致关系所依据的原则叫做“就近原则”。
一 初中阶段常见的现象
第一,以there 或here 引起的句子。谓语是be动词时,如果主语是并列的几个名词,谓语动词应和最靠近它的一个名词保持人称和数上的一致。如(1)There are two pens,a ruler and a pencil in the pencilbox.(two pens最靠近be 动词are)有两支钢笔,一把尺和一支铅笔在文具盒里。(2)There is a map,a clock and three pictures on the wall.(a map最靠近be动词is)有一张地***,一只钟和三张***画在墙上。(3)Here are some kites,an umbrella and a knife for us.(are后紧跟的some kites是复数,所以句子里be动词须用复数are)这儿有一些风筝,一把伞和一把小刀给我们。(4)Here is an orange,two pears and some apples for you.(an orange最靠近be动词is)这儿有一个橘子,两个梨和一些苹果给你。
第二,在or连接两个名词或代词作的陈述句中,谓语动词应与最靠近它的一个名词或代词保持人称和数上的一致。如(1)You or your brother goes shopping every day.(句子里your brother 是单数,故动词用go的第三人称单数形式 goes)你或你弟弟每天去购物。(2)She or her friends like singing and dancing.(句子里or后her friends为复数名词,所以句子里的动词like需用复数形式――动词原行。)她或她的朋友们喜欢唱歌和跳舞。
第三,由either…or…,neither…nor…连接的两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与最靠近它的一个名词或代词保持人称和数上的一致。如Either my brothers or my father is coming.(句子里my father是单数,它最靠近动词,故用is)或者我的弟兄们或者我的父亲就要来了。
第四,由 not only…but also…,not…but…连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词也应与最靠近它的一个名词或代词保持人称和数上的一致。如Not only you but also he comes here every day.(句子里he为第三人称单数,故动词come用comes的形式)每天不但你而且他来这儿。
第五,如果主语是由“many a+名词”或“more than one+名词”构成,其意义虽属多数,但随后的动词仍遵循“就近原则”用单数。More than a/an+量词(单数),意思是,……还有零头,但不到两……,more than one+量词(单数),意思是,不止一……,含义是两……以上。More than one+单数名词,意义上是复数,但谓语动词仍采用单数形式。如Many a man has done his duty(句子里a man是单数,靠近动词,故用单数has done)。
第六,在each…and each,every…and every,no…and no 结构之后,谓语动词一般只用单数形式。如At Christmas,each boy and each girl is given a present.在圣诞节,每个男孩和女孩收到一份礼物。
二 应注意的问题
第一,如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,but,like,except等引起的短语,但谓语的动词通常用单数形式(就远一致性原则)。如Nobody but Xiao Li and Xiao Wang was there.(尽管but后有两个人,但句子里的动词需和nobody一致)只有小王和小李在那里。
第二,both…and…,…和…都…引导的句子,句子里动词需用复数行式。如Both he and she often watch TV on Sundays.(句中动词watch需用动词复数形式-动词原行,因为主语为两人。)他和她都喜欢看电视在周日。
第三,在百分数、分数等后面,如果跟可数名词,动词用复数形式。如果跟不可数名词,动词用单数形式。如55percent of the students are girls.百分之五十五的学生是女生。
总之,在现代英语中,尤其在口语中一定要注意主语和谓语的“就近一致的原则”现象,因此我们在考虑主谓一致的关系时,要符合英语的习惯,不可忽视英语中的“就近原则”问题。
参考文献
主谓一致篇10
[论文摘要]在王阳明看来,“良知”是主客相融、亦主亦客,集本心与天理于一体。王阳明“致良知”命题的经典诠释,就是读者运用自己的良知,去与经典文本意义中体现出来的圣人的良知相交融。从了解经典文本的符号意义,进而了解经典文本意义中的“理”,最终达到对于圣人良知的体悟,实现自己的“良知”。从这个意义上说,“致良知”就是“良知”致“良知”。
“致良知”作为一个命题是由概念“致”与概念“良知”组成。“致”的意义如何?王阳明在《大学问》说:“致者,至也。如云‘丧致乎哀’之致,《易》言‘知至至之’,知至者至也,至之者致也。致知云者,非若后儒所谓扩充其知识之谓也,致吾心之良知焉耳。”“致”有两层涵义:一是,以“至”训“致”,“至”为良知的一种圆满状态,这是“致良知”的诠释目的与归宿——“知至至之”;二是,以“至”为“扩充”,良知虽为人人自有,但要把它实现出来,需要一个“致知”的过程,这是“致良知”的诠释方法与诠释过程,而这两层涵义是辨证统一的。
“致良知”之“良知”是诠释对象,但实际也包含了诠释主体。也就是说,“良知”既是诠释主体也是诠释对象,因为只有诠释主体与诠释对象合一,“致良知”方能实现。因此,“致良知”的基本涵义就是“良知”致“良知”。良知即是“吾心之良知”。而良知的内容却包含了世界一切理,这样,我们“致良知”同时也就“致良知”的一切内容。因此,“良知”是心与理的统一。天理必须是本心,才有能动性,才能外化、异化,并实现其自身于外界。在良知里,心与理是同一的,而又是有区别的。因而,“吾心之良知”,是诠释主体,或“致良知”的主体;“良知之天理”,是诠释客体,或“致良知”的对象。
一、“吾心之良知”:儒家诠释学思想意义之主体论
在王阳明看来,要能合理而正确地理解儒家经典,对于诠释者来说,是有条件、有要求的,只有具备“圣人之心”才能在现实的诠释活动中理解到“良知”。因此,一个真正的诠释主体必须由“人心”上升为“道心”,或由“常人之心”上升为“圣人之心”。
首先,在王阳明看来,“心”有两个层面的意义:第一个层面是“人心”,也可称为“心理心”,指的是心理经验上的事实,如感觉、想象及喜怒哀乐等,这是心理学的研究对象,其实质是物而不是心。第二个层面是“本心”、“道心”,也可称为“逻辑心”。“天命之性具于吾心,其浑然全体之中而条理节目森然毕具,是故谓之天理。”可见,王阳明的“本心”具有“天命之性”与“天理”。在这个意义上,心即性,心即理。
人心是本心活动历程中的一个阶段,人心本来就固有本心的灵明;灵明若能觉悟,就可以反溯本心所经过的历程,而作有系统的叙述,即所谓的自觉。良知作为天理与吾心的合一,表现为先验之知,此时良知只是天赋于人心,其实质是“本然之良知”,而“心之昏杂多不自觉”;而本心之“良知”,就是“吾心之良知,即所谓天理也。”此时,良知统一“吾心”与“天理”,诠释主体与诠释客体合二为一。良知是主体先天所固有,良知失而复得,故谓之“反”,谓之“复”。反之复之,所以Ⅱq做自觉。自觉者,主体自觉地意识到此心即是良知。此时,良知作为内在的理性原则和规范体系,以天理为其内容,正是在此意义上,王阳明建立了诠释客体论。因此,由人心上升为本心的过程也就是由良知本然进展为自觉的状态,也是心即理的过程。
其次,王阳明将“吾心之良知”作为“致良知”活动的先天条件,认为“致良知”过程必须以良知的本然状态为起点,这是一种先验论的诠释学观点。同时,“吾心之良知”也是主体达到理想诠释主体的本原。其一,“吾心之良知”作为诠释主体,它融会心与天理于一体,而这种统一又是诠释主体对意义世界建构过程的理解。这种过程,主要表现为“吾心之良知”的外化。什么是“意”?心(良知)应感而动,便是“意”,也就是说,“王阳明以心立说,又以良知释心,心(良知)构成了王学的基石”。所谓应感,就是“气”感。所谓意,就是心感于气的产物。心没有遇气而动之时,是寂然不动,不可得而知,这是心的未发状态;我们有所知则由意开始,这是心的已发状态。心是“未发”与“已发”的统一。心的“未发”,不可言说,王阳明说心的“未发”,实际上就是说心的“已发”,为什么这样说呢?未发是体,已发是用;也就是说,没有不呈现的用之体,也没有不显示的体之用。体即用,用即体,二者之间有隐微的分别,没有彼此隔离的迹象,这就是所谓的“体用一源,显微无间”。意的统摄范围:感官受意所支配,思辨受意所限制,情由意所感,行为由意所检验,甚至直觉的证明也是意。至于气,也不限于感官经验所对的客观世界,还包括上述的思辨、情、行为、直觉。心感于气的结果,即“方有此事”或“时事”,而非他事。
其二,良知即是主体,也是世界本体的主体,是万物的一般根据,是化生、主宰的根本,又展开于诠释对象之中。人的良知不是一个抽象的纯粹的诠释主体,而是具有无限丰富内容的具体共相,“良知之虚即天之太虚,良知之无便是太虚之无形,日月风雷山川民物,凡有貌象形色,皆在太虚无形中发用流行。……天地万物。惧在我良知的发育流行中。因为凡是在我的灵明之中的,都是为我而存在的。良知作为诠释主体,是接受一切事物的空旷的收容器。一切皆为我的良知而存在,一切蕴藏在自我之中,同我形成了一个无限的整个世界,诠释主体也就相当于绝对精神了。
其三,良知作为诠释主体,具有知情意三重作用。心之作用为知情意,良知的作用就是心的作用,所以心的三作用就是良知的三作用。理想的诠释主体就是对知情意的统一。除此之外,主体还有“思”的功能,“思”属于“意”的范畴,可以为“逐物”,亦可以为“主一”。“逐物”为“私意安排之思”,“主一”为“良知发用之思”。如果诠释主体“逐物”,则主体的体认将会“纷纭劳扰”;如果诠释主体“主一”,则主体的体认将会“自然明白简易”,这也反映了“致良知”简易直接的特点。
其四,理想的诠释主体“良知”是一致的,但主体的表现形式具有差异性。王阳明注意到了诠释主体的一致性与表现差异性的统一。理想主体之中虽内含普遍性规定,但它只是决定着成人的主导方向,并不限定具体的主体模式:“汝辈只要去培养良知。良知同,更不妨有异处。”理想主体与具体的主体是共性与个性的关系,理想主体并不排除具体主体的差异性。对狂者与狷者应区别对待,“束缚”是违背主体的差异性,人为地抹杀主体的各自特点。为此,王阳明提出了“为己”说。“为己”即是以诠释主体本身的特点为人手处,为人则是放弃主体地位,成为对象的附庸。“为己”的理想就是成己,成己则是理想的诠释主体。
二、“良知之天理”:儒家诠释学思想意义之对象论
在宋明理学中,王阳明一直被看作是典型的唯心论者。然而他的“心外无物”并不是以主观之心吞并客观之物,而是强调良知对客观的万物观照、统摄与感应能力。因此在王阳明的儒家诠释对象论中,一方面,天地万物的存在并不被否定,而是采取一种存而不论的方式;另一方面,良知被高扬,彻上彻下地贯通体用二界,天地万物化为一体。这两方面的共存形成了王阳明儒家经典对象论的复杂性。“良知之天理”是对良知的对象而言。王阳明论“理”,是亦主观亦客观的。“理一而已。以其理之凝聚而言,则谓之性;以其凝聚之主宰而言,则谓之心;以其主宰之发动而言,则谓之意;以其发动之明觉而言,则谓之知;以其明觉之感应而言,则谓之物。”从内在道德性而言,性、心、意、知等是主观的;从天理言,即性命所上通的天道,是客观的。王学的圆融,便在这两方面,即主客观性二面的统一。在王阳明那里,作为诠释对象,良知之天理并不是静态的本体,而是本质上处于发用流行的过程中。正是良知的这种过程性,决定了致良知的过程性。
在王阳明看来,诠释对象在现象界包括客观的物、人以及文本等。物从材料而言,其构成是气,这是物的形式;从内容而言是理。因此,理解现象界的对象,必须理解气与理。王阳明是以气作为天地万物与人所共同的物质基础,也就是说,气是万物与人的物质构成。而物与人是“相通”的,万物是一体的。天地万物是人生存的基础,天地万物因人而变得有存在意义。从这个意义上说,文本文字符号是对客观世界的抽象化反映,但更强调这种反映是对物与人,以及他们之间关系的描述与模拟。相反,文本文字符号正是要透过变幻莫测的现象界来体现人的“良知”。在王阳明看来,这样的文本主要以史和经为主,“以事言谓之史,以道言谓之经。事即道,道即事。《春秋》亦经,《五经》亦史。”史、经是天道或良知在人类历史中的声物,形成了自己的一个历史过程,即“道统”。一方面诠释对象是最抽象的东西,无可言说;另一方面,由于诠释对象随处表现在现象之中,透过现象可以认识诠释对象的各个方面。可见,诠释对象是体用的统一体,知道用即可以把握体,把握体亦可以知道用。
那诠释主体为什么能够可以理解诠释对象?王阳明提出了“心外无物”的命题予以阐释。王阳明通过“寂”与“一时明白起来”,来阐释了“心外无物”的涵义。“同归于寂”并不是否认纯粹的客观的花,而是如果没有心的参与,花只是一种无意义的存在;而所谓“一时明白起来”,并不是花由不存在变为存在,只是此时的花,已经包含诠释主体的价值判断与审美意味。人与花“同此一气,故能相通耳”,且“人的良知,就是草木瓦石的良知”因此诠释主体可以先天地能够统摄万物,理解万物。
三、“心即理”:诠释主体论与诠释对象论的关系
诠释主体建立的同时,诠释对象也便建立起来。“心外无物”是诠释主体理解诠释对象的一个基础,然而诠释主体与诠释对象尚不能统一。在王阳明看来,“心即理”命题,是理解诠释主体论与对象论关系的关键环节。首先,王阳明为什么要用一个“即”字?“心即性,性即理,下一‘与’字,恐未免为二。此在学者善观之。”“即”的使用有两个涵义:一是。“心”与“理”的不可分性。二是,心具有主动性。