在英语学习中,than是出现频率较高的一个词,用法也较为复杂,因此掌握than的用法不仅要从词法的角度去考虑,而且要注意其构成的句型和短语,本文就其所在的句型及短语进行语义分析,以期在英语学习中对大家有所帮助。
一、用于表示比较的句型中
(一)单纯表示比较级的句型: A+谓语+形容词或副词的比较级+than+B。例如:Mary sings better than anyone else in the class.玛丽比班上任何人唱得都好。
(二)表示比较倍数的句型:A+谓语+数词+times+形容词/副词的比较级+than+B。
例如:This classroom is twice bigger than that one.这间教室是那间教室的两倍大。
(三)用比较级结构表示最高级的含义的句型:
1?郾主语+谓语+比较级+than+the others/anyone else/any (other)+单数名词/any of the others/any of the other+复数名词。例如:
(1)China is larger than any other country in Asia.中国比亚洲其他任何一个国家都大。
(2)He is older than any of the other boys in his class.他比他班上任何同学年纪都大。
2?郾“No one+谓语+比较级+than+sb.”或“No other+单数名词+谓语+比较级+than+sb./sth.”。例如:
(1)No one can be more fit for his office than he is.没有人比他更适合担任这个职务了。
(2)No other river is longer than the Changjiang?River in China.在中国,没有一条河流比长江更长。
二、在表意愿的句型中
构成 would do sth. rather than do sth.; would rather do sth. than do sth.或prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.结构,意为“宁愿做……而不愿……”。例如:
(1)They would rather starve than give way.他们宁愿饿死也不妥协。
(2)The children would walk there rather than take a bus.孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。
(3)He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.他宁愿呆在家里,而不愿跟我们一起去。
三、与than构成的短语
(一)No sooner ... than意为“一……就……”,引导时间状语从句(从这里可以知道, no sooner后面是主句; than后面是从句),且当此结构置于句首时,表示强调,主句要倒装。例如:
(1)I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨来。
(2)No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨来。
注意:No sooner ... than一般用来描述做过的事情,它不能用于表示将来的事。
(二)more than和less than。
1.more than可放在数词之前,意为“超过;不止;以上”,用于此意义时可与over互换使用。例如:
Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.整体说来,我们这个星球表面有 70%以上都为水所覆盖。
2.more than可放在名词之前,表示“不只是;不仅仅”。例如:
(1)Hibernation is more than sleep.冬眠不仅仅是睡眠。
(2)Bamboo is used for more than building.竹子不只是用于建筑。
3.more than用于形容词或副词前,作“非常;十分”解,与very和much同义。例如:
(1)She is more than careful in doing things.她做事非常细心。
(2)In class, he listens more than attentively.在课堂上,他听讲十分认真。
4.more than之后接含有can的从句时,常表示否定意义。此时,从句中的谓语动词必须是及物动词,并且与句子的主语呈现逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:
This secret is more than we can let out.这个秘密我们是不能泄露的。(主语secret是let out的逻辑宾语)
比较:less than后面接形容词、副词时,意为“不;很少;不到”,具有否定意义。例如:
(1)We were busy and less than delighted to have company that day.
那天我们很忙,不高兴有客人来。
(2)The young man is less than twenty years old.
这个年轻人不到20岁。
(三)more... than和less... than。
1.more... than意为“与其……不如……”;“是……而不是……”,常可与“rather than”或“not so much ... as”互换使用。例如:
(1)The elephant’s nose is more like a spear than anything else. = The elephant’s nose is like a spear rather than anything else. = The elephant’s nose is not so much like anything else as like a spear.
与其说大象的鼻子像别的什么东西,不如说它像一根长矛。
(2)He is more poltroon than cautious.
与其说他谨慎,不如说他是怯懦。
2. more ... than之后接含有can的从句时,同样表示否定意义。例如:
Tom has more insolence than I can stand. = Tom’s insolence is more than I can stand.
汤姆的傲慢使我难以忍受。
比较: ①less ... than意为“不像……;不是……”。例如:
Joseph is less honest than his brother. 约瑟夫不像他兄弟那样诚实。
②比……少,不如……多。如:We drink less coffee than tea.我们喝咖啡不如喝茶多。
③与其……不如……。如:I regard him less as my teacher than as my friend.与其说我把他当作老师,不如说我是把他当作朋友。注:表示此义时,可与more ... than结构替换(但要注意词序的变化)。如:He is less a teacher than an expert./He is more an expert than a teacher.与其说他是老师,不如说他是专家。
(四)no more than和no less than。
no more than用在名词或数词前,意思为“只有;仅仅;不过(=only; just)”,例如:
His school education added up to no more than one year.
他所受的学校教育总共不过一年的时间。
比较:no less than意为“不少于;不下于……之多;多达……”。例如:
In that battle,we wiped out no less than twenty thousand enemies.
在那一次战役中,我们消灭的敌人不下20,000人。
There is no less than five hundred person at the meeting.
不少于五百人在开会。
(五)not more than和 not less than。
not more than常用于数词之前,意为“至多;顶多;不超过”,其意义与 at (the) most相同。例如:
I’ll stay here not more than three days.
我将待在这里最多不超过三天。
比较: not less than意为“不少于”,其意义与at (the) least相同。严格地说,no less than和not less than不同,但二者如今均相当于“as many as”。例如:
If the circumstances are serious,they shall be sentenced to not less than five years in prison.情节严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑。
此外,与than相关的短语还有other than(除了),rather than(而不是)等,对于这些短语,我们只需记住词义,正确使用即可。
总之,than看似一个很简单的词,其语义功能较为复杂,我们在学习和使用的过程中,除了要理解其基本意思之外, 还要懂得其在不同语句、篇章和语境之中的特殊含义。