动词的-ing形式既具有动词的特征又具有名词的特征,可以有自己的宾语、状语、逻辑主语等。在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。它没有人称与数的变化,但有时态与语态的变化。
一、用作主语
动词的-ing形式相当于名词,在句中可以作主语。例如:
Reading is very important for one's life.
阅读对于一个人的一生很重要。
Talking with me is no use.
和我谈是没有用的。
Travelling by train is more comfortable.
乘火车旅行更舒服一些。
Remembering new words is very important for English learning.
记生词对于英语学习很重要。
注意:
动词的-ing形式的否定形式应在其前面加not。例如:
Not knowing a foreign language is terrible for you.
对你而言,不懂一门外语是很可怕的。
Not cleaning his teeth this morning makes his smell bad.
今天早上没有刷牙使得他很难闻。
带有逻辑主语的-ing形式,not应在逻辑主语与-ing形式之间。例如:
His not coming made us worried.
他没来使得我们很担心。
Her not waiting for us looks a little surprised.
她没等我们显得有点奇怪。
二、用作宾语
动词的―ing形式可作介词的宾语、动词的宾语或某些形容词的宾语。
(1)常跟动词的-ing形式作宾语的动词及短语有advise,allow,enjoy,finish,escape,keep,imagine, mind,miss,practise,stop,suggest,give up,keep on, feel 1ike,look forward to,pay attention to,can't help等。例如:
She enjoys listening to pop music.
她喜欢听流行音乐。
We often practise singing this English song.我们经常练习唱这首英文歌曲。
They feel like swimming in the river today.今天他们想在河里游泳。
Keep working hard and you'll catch up with others.
继续努力你就会赶上其他人。
(2) need, want, require 在表示“需要”时,用-ing 主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
Your desk needs mending.
你的桌子需要修理。
The room wants cleaning.
这个房间需要打扫。
The rubbish needed clearing up.
这些垃圾需要被清理掉。
(3) 形容词短评:be busy, be worth后跟动词的-ing形式作宾语。例如:
Look!They are busy playing games.
看!他们正忙着玩游戏。
This book is well worth reading.
这本书很值得读。
(4)有些动词后跟动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语时其含义差异不大。begin(开始), start (开始),like(喜欢),love(爱) hate(讨厌;恨),prefer(更喜欢)等。例如:
It began to rain (raining) when I left.
我离开时,天开始下雨。
Let's continue to work(working).
我们继续工作吧。
(5)有些动词后跟动词不定式及动词的-ing形式意义差别较大。如remember,forget,go on,mean,try, regret等。例如:
Please remember to post my letter.
请记着给我寄信。(记得去做,尚未做)
I remember posting the letter.
我记得寄了那封信了。(记得做过了)
Don't forget to bring your bag back.
别忘了把书包带回来。(忘记干事,尚未做)
He forgot locking his bike.
他忘了锁了自行车了。(忘了做过某事了)
Shall we go on talking?
我们继续谈话好吗?(继续谈同一件事)
Shall we go on talking?
我们继续谈话,好吗?(继续谈另外一件事)
Try to go there on time.
尽量按时去那儿。(尽力去做某事)
Try going there on foot.
试着步行去那儿。(试着做某事)
三、用作宾语补足语
常跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语的常用动词有 see, watch, notice, discover, observe, hear, feel, find, think, have, get等。例如:
Can you see the birdsflying in the sky?
你能看见鸟儿在天空中飞吗?
Don't get your child staying at home all day. 不要让孩子整天呆在家里。
I heard someone calling for help not far away. 我听见不远处有人求救。
We found a motorbike lying on the ground. 我们发现一辆摩托车倒在地上。
注意:
不定式作宾补与动词-ing形式作宾补相比较:不定式作宾补往往表示动作已结束;而动词-ing形式作宾补表示动作的持续进行。例如:
I saw her enter the classroom.
我看见她进了教室。(全过程)
I saw her entering the classroom.
我看见她正进入教室。(正在进行)
She found her dog leave home.
她发现她的狗离开了家。(全过程)
She found her dog leaving home.
她发现她的狗正离家。(正在进行)
四、用作表语
动词的-ing 形式作表语用以说明事物的身份、性制等,不能与进行时态混为一谈。例如:
My job is feeding the animals.
我的工作是喂养动物。
What he wants is making more friends.
他想做的事情是多交朋友。
My interest is having a walk after supper.我的兴趣是晚饭后散步。
Her problem is wasting too much time.
她的问题是浪费时间太多。
五、用作定语
动词的-ing 形式作定语可表示被修饰词的性质、身份、用途、正在进行的行为或状态。例如:
It's a pleasing day for a walk today.
今天真是个散步的好天气。
The old man waiting for me is my grandpa.那个正在等我的老人是我爷爷。
Take some sleeping pills, you can fall asleep.吃几片安眠药你就会睡着。
The workers working in the shop are taken good care of.
这些在车间工作的工人们受到很好的照顾。
注意:
动词的-ing 形式作定语表示目的、进行、性质的用法区别:
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping
一节卧铺车厢(表目的)
a sleeping pill=a pill for sleeping
一片安眠药(表目的)
a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping.
一个正在睡觉的婴儿(表进行)
an interesting book=a book which is very interesting一本有趣的书(表性质)
(以上定语从形式上看是一样的,所以必须从上下文中来推敲其所含具体意义的差别。)
六、用作状语
动词的-ing形式还可以用作状语表语,表示时间、伴随、方式、原因、条件、结果等。例如:
Being ill, she had to stay in bed.
由于生病,她只好躺在床上。(原因)
Using your head , you can find a good way. 动动脑筋,你会想出一个好方法。(条件)
Leaving the home, I feel very hungry.
离开家时,我感觉很饿。(时间)
Li Lin fell off his motorbike,breaking his left foot. 李林从摩托车上摔了下来,摔伤了左脚。
Liao Ling came taking a plane.
廖玲是坐飞机来的。(方式)