学文网【摘 要】在牛津高中课本中，出现了许多含有原因状语的句子，内容丰富多彩，形式多种多样。但使用较多且又复杂的有三类：动词不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语。
【关键词】原因状语 不定式 现在分词 过去分词
【中***分类号】G632 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674－4810（2012）05－0051－02
本文主要以课文内容为例，对动词不定式、分词、介词三类短语作原因状语的用法，逐一归类和分析，以供广大同仁参考。
一 动词不定式短语作原因状语
关于动词不定式短语作原因状语，课文中有两种用法。
1．置于作表语用的过去分词、形容词之后，说明状语发生的原因
例如：I think I was very lucky to get that job.
We are delighted to see you.
Tom was overjoyed to see me.
2．置于谓语动词之后，说明行为状态发生的原因
例如：Tom laughed to think that he was living right in the midst of the enemy.
课本中还出现动词不定式的完成时及其否定形式作原因状语。
例如：…on his pale white face there was a half－smile that seemed to suggest he was happy to have given his life for his country.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
Sorry to have called you earlier.
这三句不定式短语的动作行为均发生在happy、sorry所表示的状态之前。
从上面例句可以看出，动词不定式短语作原因状语时，都是用来修饰表示情感的形容词、过去分词、不及物动词。这是鉴别不定式短语是否作原因状语的一个重要依据。
二 分词短语作原因状语
现在分词和过去分词短语作原因状语，课本中出现很多，用法也比较复杂，并且还易同分词短语作其他类别状语相混淆。为此，从两个方面来谈：一谈用法；二谈鉴别。
1．用法
第一，现在分词短语作原因状语时，它的逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致。它所表示的行为状态和谓语动词所表示的行为状态同时发生，用以说明谓语动词的原因，相当于一个原因状语从句，一般置于句首。
例如：Being vevy small，transistors are widely used.
（＝As transistors are vevy small…）
Not knowing what to do，he went to the teacher for help. （＝Because he did nor know what to do，…）
现在分词短语作原因状语时，也可放在句子其他部位。
例如：Huck shortened the distance between them now，thinking they would never be able to see him in the complete darkness.
如果现在分词短语所表示的行为状态在谓语动词的行为状态前发生，用现在分词的完成式。
例如：Having missed the last bus，we had to walk home.
现在分词的被动态也可作原因状语。
例如：Having been laughed at again and again for his “wild”ideas，he kept what he expected to invent a secret this time.
第二，由于过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式，加之它本身具有被动意义，所以过去分词短语作原因状语的用法简单得多。它的逻辑主语和句子主语也是一致的，它也相当于一个原因状语从句。
例如：Led by the party，we have made great achievements in the building of socialism.（＝As we are led by the Party，…）
Excited by thepraise of the comrades. He did not know what to say.（＝As he was excited by the praise of the comrades，…）
课本中还出现分词***结构作原因状语，它的用法和分词短语用法基本相同。所不同的主要是分词***结构有其单独的逻辑主语。
例如：The british army being much stronger，Washington was later forced to give up this city，too.（＝As the British army was much stronger，…）
这种分词***结构，有时还可用介词with引导作原因状语。
例如：I can’t write，with you looking over my shoulder.
2．鉴别
如何鉴别分词短语（或分词***结构）作原因状语，还是作其他类别的状语，确是一个复杂问题。因篇幅所限，就不把分词短语同作其他状语一一比较，只就如何鉴别分词短语作原因状语谈些粗浅看法。
笔者认为，首先应从内容上来鉴别。即分析全句意义，看其分词短语和句子谓语是否含有因果关系，这是鉴别的主要方法。
例如：Having lived in the countryside in this youth，he could do farmwork very well. 他年青时生活在农村，因此他很会干农活。
从该句的释义来看，他“很会干农活”的原因是“他青年时生活在农村”。这方面的例句，参见“用法”部分，不再例举。
其次是从形式上来鉴别。即看分词的原形动词和谓语动词所属类别及其含义，这可作为鉴别的辅助方法。下面根据课本所出现的内容，提出几点具体方法，借以鉴别时参考。
第一，由联系动词构成的分别短语，一般是表示原因状语的。
例如：Being a model League member，he is active in doing things for others.
Her mother having fallen ill，she had to do the house－work.
［注］句中谓语动词若含有begin、start、leave等时，末联系动词所构成的分词短语，一般是表示时间状语。如：Everything being ready，we began the meeting./Class being over，they left the classroom.
第二，由表示情感、意志、智力活动等类动词构成的分词短语，往往是表示原因状语。
例如：Huck slowed down after a while，fearing that he was getting to near to be safe.
They moved slowly forward，looking to the right and to the left，expecting each moment to see in the distance some indication of the enemy.（注：分词短语looking to the right and to the left是伴随情况状语。）
第三，分词短语的否定意义，一般是表示原因状语。
例如：Not knowing much English，he got out his disctionary and looked up the word“cough”.
Not having received an answer，I wrote again.
Seeing no one in the classroom，she decided to leave a note on the door.
第四，句子谓语中含有情态动词have to、must、ought to等，分词短语一般是表示原因状语。
例如：The sun having set，we had to stop at the village for the night.
三 介词短语作原因状语
从对课本中介词短语用法的分析，发现能作原因状语的有at、by、for、of、with等介词所引起的介词短语。下面对它们在课本中的用法作一浅释。
第一，at引起的介词短语作原因状语时，通常用在表示情感的动词、过去分词、形容词之后，说明某种情绪产生的原因。
例如：Crusoe was frightence at seeing a man’s footprint in the sand.
They were sad at hearing such bad news.
有时为了强调原因状语，介词短语也可置于句首。
例如：At the sight they were surprised. 看见那种景象，他们都感到惊奇。
另外，介词over引起的介词短语，也能表示某种情绪的起因。
例如：It seemed that corporal felt very sad over the death of the boy.
My friend and I had a good laugh over the funny mistakes I had made.
Over和at所引起的介词短语，虽然都能表示某种情绪的起因，但是两者还是有区别的，at含有“见…而”、“闻…而”产生某种情绪；over是指引起某种情绪的事件、情况等。
第二，by引起的介词短语作原因状语，一般由by表示手段方式转化而来的，by常和动名词连用。
例如：The girl made hei mother angry by not taking her medicine.
By getting up early，I can have an hour for reading English in the morning.
By也能和抽象名词连用，表示原因。
例如：I took his pen by mistake.
The cat was flattered by the monkey’s praises.
有时by还可以跟从句，表示原因。
例如：The Emperor was pleased by what the Minister told him about the cloth.
第三，for引起的介词短语作原因状语，一般是表示行为状态发生的原因和理由。能和for连用的有名词、代词、动名词等。
例如：When he was still a young man，he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.
They were praised for finishing the work ahead of time.
In fact，his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter praising for it.
For还能表示由于某种感情上的原因而产生的行为，这时for后面要接表示情感的名词或动名词。
例如：They all jumped for joy at the news. 听到这个消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。
He could not speak for laughing（crying）. 他笑（哭）得说不出话来。
第四，of引起的介词短语作原因状语，课本中出现不少，用在作表语的形容词之后，表示某人某事有某种情绪。
例如：He wanied very much to eat them，but was afraid of burning his hands.
Whoever did this ought to be ashamed of him.
当of后面接反身代词时，常常表示动作的自身原因。
例如：They did it of necessity，not of a sense of duty. 他们做那事是因为需要，并非由于责任感。
介词of这种用法和介词from相似，上面的例子也可换用from。
第五，with引起的介词短语可表示心理状态方面的原因，with后面常接表示情感方面的名词或动名词。
例如：Huck tured as white as a sheet with fear.
With引起的介词短语，还可表示心理状况的原因。
例如：I am quite faint with hunger. 我饿得简直发晕。
参考文献
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