摘 要 在英语中,常见省略句被作为一个单独的语法项目来教。但它也时常阻碍学生的正确答题,干扰学生对长难句子的理解,本文就此项语法进行简要分析。
关键词 英语教学 省略句
中***分类号:H315 文献标识码:A
1省略句必须符合以下几条标准
(1)被省略的部分必须是明确的,容易恢复的。一个省略结构如果不能很容易地把被省略的部分填进去,那就成为意义含糊的结构。
省略句必须在语法上是有明显短缺的,这种结构上的短缺使读者一看即知在结构上少了什么,因而能够把它作为一个省略现象来理解。
(2)被省略部分填补后是合乎语法的句子。一个省略结构,如果把被省略的部分填补进去,就一定会不改变原意而仍然是一个合乎语法的句子。
(3)被省略的词语通常以相同的语法形式出现在上下文中。
2常见的各种形式省略句
2.1省略主语
Than you.(Thank 前面省去了I) 谢谢你。
Take care!(Take 前面省去了You) 当心!
Serves him right!(Serves前面省去了It) 他活该!
2.2省略谓语或部分谓语动词
Cocks and hens must be fed and pigs fattened.(Pigs 后面省去了must be)
鸡需要喂,猪需要育肥。
I sat near the window, he----near the door.(he 后面省去了sat)
我靠近窗户坐,他靠近门坐。
Nothing except that I don’t want to leave the place where I’ve worked for many years. (Nothing 前面省去了There is)
没有别的原因,只是我不愿意离开我工作了多年的地方。
2.3省略表语
Are you ready? Yes , I am.(am后面省去了 ready)
你准备好了吗?是的,我准备好了。
He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. (had been 后面省去了a lover of sports)
他还是像年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。
Is he better today?-----Not at all(=He is not better at all).
他今天好些了吗?一点也没好。
2.4省略宾语
Don’t you know her address? -----No, I forget. (forget后面省去了her address)
你不知道她的地址吗?-----不,我忘了。
Will you do it ?------I will try.(try后面省去了to do it)
你愿意做这件事吗?我愿意试试。
Where has he gone?-------I don’t know.
(know 后面省去了where he has gone)
他去哪里了?-----我不知道他去哪里啦。
2.5在对疑问句的简略回答中,句子的某些部分常被省略。
Would you like to see a film ?------I’d like to.(to 后面省略了see a film)
你想看一场电影吗?是的,我很想看。
Can you speak English? ----Yes, I can(can 后面省略了speak English).
你会说英语吗?-----是的,我会。
When did you see the film ? ----- Last Sunday. (last Sunday前面省略了I saw the film)
你什么时候看的那部电影?-----上周日。
2.6选择疑问句和反意问句的某些部分常被省略
Has he come or not?(=Has he come or has he not come?)
他来了没有?
He has come, hasn’t he?(=hasn’t he?=hasn’t he come?)
他来了,是不是?
2.7在含有比较状语从句的句子中,有些部分可以被省略
She is as tall as I(I后面省略了am tall)
她和我一样高。
I like this one better than that one( than 后面省略了I like).
比起那一个来,我对这个更喜欢一些。
2.8用when, while ,if, though,till等连词引导的状语从句,需要省略其中一些词
When(I was)coming here,I saw him walking along the road.
我到这儿来的时候,看见他在路上走。
While ( he was ) in prison, he managed to carry on the struggle against the reactionaries.
他在狱中设法同***派进行斗争。
If (It is ) possible , send me word tomorrow.
如果可能,明天给我捎句话。
Past experience , if ( it is)not forgotten ,is a guide for the future.
前事不忘,后事之师。
I didn’t notice the matter till (it was ) too late.
等我注意这事时已经晚了。
2.9惯用的省略
(1)不定式to后面的动词原形在对话的回答时往往可以被省略,但不能省略to。
----Would you like to go for a walk? ----- Yes, I’d love to(go for a walk).
----你想去散步吗?----想,我想去。
----Would you prefer to do it now ?---- Yes, I’d prefer to(do it now).
----你愿意现在做吗?----愿意,我愿意。
----Do you want to see your parents?---Yes ,I want to(see my parents) .
你想见你的父母吗?----想,我想见。
(2)在if any、if ever、if so、if not 等结构中常用省略句
There is little food , if (there is) any.
就是有食物也不多了。
You will find it in Xinjiang, if (you will find it) anywhere.
如果在什么地方能找到的话,你就会在***找到。
He is seldom, if(he is )ever, late for school.
他上学几乎没有迟到过。
Efficiency, if (it is )not necessary, demands that they work together.
如果不是必须这样,为讲究效率他们也要合作。
(3)固定词组if/when/where/unless possible(necessary)是if/when/where、unless it is possible(necessary)的省略形式。
If (it is ) possible, I should like to have two copies of it.
如果可能,我要两本。
Fill in the blanks with the articles where (it is) necessary.
在需要冠词的空白处填上冠词。
When (it is ) necessary, I’ll come here again.
必要时我会再来。
Improve your composition where (it is)possible。
在可能的地方改进你的作文。
Unless (it is) necessary, he won’t come.
除非必要,否则他不会来。
2.10并列句中的省略:在并列句中,后一个分句常可省去与前一个分句相同的部分。
She was from English , and I (am)from America.
他来自英国,我来自美国。
Mr. Li teaches maths , and Mr. wang (teaches) Chinese.
李老师教数学,王老师教中文。
I have Chinese(books )and English books.
我有中文书,也有英文书。
(1)并列句中用so引出倒装句表示肯定,代替与前面句子相同的内容;用neither引出倒装句来替代前面句子否定的内容。
She gets up early in the morning , so does he.
她早晨起得很早,他也起得很早。
I am not keen on collecting stamps, neither is my brother .
我对集邮不感兴趣,我哥对此也没有兴趣。
We shall leave soon, so will they.
我们不久将离开,他们也将离开。
(2)Appear , believe , expect, think, be afraid, hope, suppose等用在对话中,做肯定回答时用so 代指上文提到过的内容,用not作否定回答。
-----Do you think he will be elected Chairman of the Committee?
-----Yes, I think so.
你认为他会被选为委员会的***吗?是的,我认为会。
-----Will you finish the work in one month? -----I’m afraid not.
你会在一个月内完成这个工作吗?我恐怕不会。
2.11复合句中的省略
(1)在比较状语从句中省略一些成分
I can run as fast as he (can)。我能跑的和他一样快。
I knew more about the matter than my brother (knew).
关于这件事我比我哥哥了解的更多。
此时也可用代动词代替前面的及物动词和不及物动词。因此上句也可变为:
I knew more about the matter than my brother did.
She enjoyed the film more than he did.
The more (it is), the better (it is ).
He arrived earlier than (it was) usual.
(2)宾语从句的连词that 常可省略;限制性定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作宾语时,常可省略。
The book (that) I borrowed yesterday is a dictionary.
昨天我借的那本书是本字典。
I don’t think (that) you are right.
我认为你不对。
That’s the girl (whom) I once told you about.
那就是我对你曾谈过的那个女孩。
He was sure (that) he would find out the truth.
他相信自己会找出真相。
(3)Way 、reason、day 等词后的定语从句常可省略关系代词或关系副词。
I asked him the reason (why) he liked the girl.
我问他喜欢那个女孩的理由。
This is the way(in which)she speaks .
这就是他说话的方式。
I‘ll always remember the days (when) I studied in Beijing.
我会永远记得在北京学习的日子。