同位语从句,在同位语的基础上发展、变化而来,是名词性从句的一种,常置于promise(承诺),opinion(观点),news(新闻),conclusion(结论),possibility(可能性)等名词之后,用来进一步解释或者补充说明这些名词(这些名词可以称为同位名词)的具体含义或内容。
在使用同位语从句时,要特别注意引导词的选择。同位语从句通常由从属连词(that)引导,有时也由从属连词(whether)、连接代词(who, whose, what, which)和连接副词(when, where, how, why)等引导。其中,that是一个纯引导词,只起连接作用;连接词whether, who, when, why等,除了有连接的作用之外,还有一定的“疑问”意义。选择同位语从句的引导词时,可以从以下四个方面考虑:
一、如果同位语从句所表达的意义是完整的,从句由从属连词that引导(通常不可省略that)。
例1 The fact that Dolly seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
句子的意思是:多莉似乎在正常地成长着,这很令人鼓舞。句中的同位语从句(that Dolly seemed to develop normally)就是同位名词(the fact)的内容,而且意义完整,所以同位语从句引导词为that。还可以把这类从句用于其它名词性从句中或者转换成简单句,帮助我们理解同位语从句的含义。比如,把它转换为一个陈述句,在同位名词和同位语从句之间加上动词be或者去掉同位名词:
陈述句:Dolly seemed to develop normally.
表语从句:The fact was that Dolly seemed to develop normally.
主语从句:That Dolly seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
例2 There is no doubt that I will always stay with you.
句子的意思是:我将永远跟你在一起,这是毫无疑问的。句中的同位语从句(that I will always stay with you)就是同位名词(doubt)的内容,而且意义完整,所以同位语从句引导词为that。也可以运用句式转换理解从句的含义:
陈述句:I will always stay with you.
主语从句:It is certain that I will always stay with you.
例3 The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.
句子的意思是:将***下达了战士们立即过河的命令。句中的同位语从句(that the soldiers should cross the river at once)就是同位名词(the order)的内容,而且意义完整,所以同位语从句引导词为that。
陈述句:The soldiers should cross the river at once.
表语从句:The order was that the soldiers should cross the river at once.
宾语从句:The general ordered that the soldiers should cross the river at once.
注:表示建议、命令、要求等的名词,如suggestion, proposal, advice, order, request等,后接同位语从句时,从句谓语动词用"should+动词原形",其中的should可以省略。
二、如果同位语从句所表达的含义要增加“是否”才完整,从句由从属连词whether引导(不可使用if)。
例4 We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.
句子的意思是:我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。句中的同位语从句(whether he is trustworthy)就是同位名词(the question)的内容,而且增加“是否”之后意义才完整,所以同位语从句引导词为whether。理解这类从句的意义时,可以把它转换为一般疑问句,也可以把它用于其它名词性从句中:
一般疑问句:Is he trustworthy?
表语从句:The question is whether he is trustworthy.
宾语从句:We are not investigating whether he is trustworthy.
例5 We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
句子的意思是:我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。句中的同位语从句(whether they can complete the task on time)就是同位名词(doubt)的内容,而且增加“是否”之后意义才完整,所以同位语从句引导词为whether。
一般疑问句:Can they complete the task on time?
宾语从句:We doubt whether/if they can complete the task on time.
三、如果同位语从句所表达的意义要增加“谁(的)、什么、哪个(些)”才完整,从句由连接代词who, whose, what, which引导。
例6 Actually I have no idea what went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon.
句子的意思是:我确实不知道昨天下午教室里发生了什么事。句中的同位语从句(what went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon)就是同位名词(idea)的内容,而且增加“什么”之后意义才完整,所以同位语从句引导词为what。
特殊疑问句:What went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
宾语从句:I don’t know what went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon.
四、如果同位语从句所表达的意义要增加“何时、何地、如何、为何”才完整,从句由连接副词when, where, how, why引导。
例7 We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.
句子的意思是:我们不明白这个问题,为什么这是最好的选择。句中的同位语从句(why this is the best choice)就是同位名词(the problem)的内容,而且增加“为什么”之后意义才完整,所以同位语从句引导词为why。理解这类从句的意义时,可以把它转换为特殊疑问句,也可以把它用于其它名词性从句中:
特殊疑问句:Why is this the best choice?
表语从句:The problem is why this is the best choice.
宾语从句:We don’t understand why this is the best choice.
例8 I have no idea where I should go during the summer vacation.
句子的意思是:我不知道他什么时候回来。句中的同位语从句(where I should go during the summer vacation)就是同位名词(idea)的内容,而且增加“什么地方”之后意义才完整,所以同位语从句引导词为where。
特殊疑问句:Where should I go during the summer vacation?
宾语从句:I don’t know where I should go during the summer vacation.
综上所述,要准确把握同位语从句与同位名词的联系选用合适的引导词,可以运用句式转换(包括陈述句、疑问句、表语从句、主语从句或者宾语从句等)的方法来理解同位语从句的含义。概括起来讲,正确选用同位语从句的关键,在于把握同位语从句所表达的内容与它的同位名词之间的语义联系。在逻辑语义上,同位语从句与它的同位名词表现为同位关系,或者同一关系、解释关系,这是同位语从句的实质。
练习
1. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A. whether B. which
C. when D. that
2. Now we meet with the difficulty________, we can persuade him to tell the truth.
A. how B. that
C. what D. which
3. It was at the very beginning that Mr Brown made the decision________ we should send more firefighters there?
A. which B. when
C. that D. what
4. We haven’t yet settled the question________, we are going to spend our Spring Festival.
A. when B. where
C. what D. whether
5. ― It’s thirty years since we last met.
― But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ________we got lost on a rainy night.
A. that B. which
C. what D. when
6. We must never overlook our small weak points because of the fact ________ . (achievement)
我们不可因为已经有了大的成绩就忽视小的缺点。
7. We’ll discuss the problem ________ on time. (hold)
我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。
8. The rumor spread ________ here. (build)
谣传这里要建一家新的医院。
9. I have no impression ________ last weekend, perhaps by bike. (go)
上周末他怎样回家的,我没有印象了,可能是骑自行车吧。
10. The question ________that accident has never been settled. (blame)
该由谁为事故承担责任,这个问题根本没有解决。
参考答案
1~5 DACBA
6. that we have made big achievements
7. whether the sports meeting will be held
8. that a new hospital would be built
9. how he went home
10. who was to blame for
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